RUDN Journal of Psychology and PedagogicsRUDN Journal of Psychology and PedagogicsВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Психология и педагогика2313-16832313-1705Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)13446ArticlesСтатьиResearch ArticleFIRST DIRECT EVIDENCE OF TWO STAGES IN FREE RECALLДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВО ДВУХ СТУПЕНЕЙ СВОБОДНОГО ВОСПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯ ИЗ КРАТКОВРЕМЕННОЙ ПАМЯТИTarnowEugenТарноуЮджин-Avalon Business SystemsАвалон Бизнес Систем150420154NO4 (2015)№4 (2015)152617092016Copyright ©; 2015, Тарноу Ю.2015Тарноу Ю.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/psychology-pedagogics/article/view/13446I find that exactly two stages can be seen directly in sequential free recall distributions. These distributions show that the first three recalls come from the emptying of working memory, recalls 6 and above come from a second stage and the 4th and 5th recalls are mixtures of the two.A discontinuity, a rounded step function, is shown to exist in the fitted linear slope of the recall distributions as the recall shifts from the emptying of working memory (positive slope) to the second stage (negative slope). The discontinuity leads to a first estimate of the capacity of working memory at 4-4.5 items. The total recall is shown to be a linear combination of the content of working memory and items recalled in the second stage with 3.0-3.9 items coming from working memory, a second estimate of the capacity of working memory. A third, separate upper limit on the capacity of working memory is found (3.06 items), corresponding to the requirement that the content of working memory cannot exceed the total recall, item by item. This third limit is presumably the best limit on the average capacity of unchunked working memory.The second stage of recall is shown to be reactivation: The average times to retrieve additional items in free recall obey a linear relationship as a function of the recall probability which mimics recognition and cued recall, both mechanisms using reactivation (Tarnow, 2008).Автор приводит доказательства двух ступеней воспроизведения информации из кратковременной памяти. Характер распределения ответов показывает, что первые три единицы воспроизводятся из «опустошающейся» оперативной памяти, шестая и последующие единицы относятся ко второй ступени воспроизведения, а четвертая и пятая - имеют пограничный характер. Об этом свидетельствует наличие «разрыва» в ступенчатой функции распределения ответов, что приводит к предварительной оценке объема оперативной памяти - 4-4,5 единицы. Показано, что общее воспроизведение является линейной комбинацией содержания оперативной памяти и единиц, воспроизведенных на второй ступени, что ведет к уточнению объема оперативной памяти - 3-3,9 единицы. В итоге определен верхний предел объема оперативной памяти (3,06 единицы), который предположительно наиболее точно оценивает неделимый объем оперативной памяти. Показано, что вторая ступень воспроизведения имеет характер реактивации: среднее время для получения дополнительных ответов описывается линейной функцией, подобной функциям вероятности распознавания мимики и реплик, в которых используются механизмы реактивации.free recallworking memoryreactivationshort term memoryworking memory capacityсвободное воспроизведенииоперативная памятьобъем оперативной памятиреактивациякратковременная память1.Anderson D.E., Vogel E.K., Awh E. Precision in visual working memory reaches a stable plateau when individual item limits are exceeded. The Journal of neuroscience, 2011, no 31(3), pp. 1128-1138.2.Ashford J.W., Kolm P., Colliver J.A., Bekian C., Hsu L.N. Alzheimer patient evaluation and the mini-mental state: item characteristic curve analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 1989, 44(5), pp. 139-146.3.Balakrishnanl J.D., Ashby F.G. Subitizing: Magical numbers or mere superstition? Psychological research, 1992, no 54(2), pp. 80-90.4.Bays P.M., Husain M. Dynamic shifts of limited working memory resources in human vision. Science, 2008, no 321(5890), pp. 851-854.5.Bays P.M., Catalao R.F., Husain M. The precision of visual working memory is set by allocation of a shared resource. Journal of Vision, 2009, no 9(10), pp. 7.6.Chen Z., Cowan N. Core verbal working-memory capacity: the limit in words retained without covert articulation. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 2006, no 62(7), pp. 1420-1429.7.Craik F.I.M. Two components in free recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1968, no 7(6), pp. 996-1004.8.Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of psychiatric research, 1975, 12(3), 189-198.9.Glanzer M. Short-term memory. Handbook of Research Methods in Human Memory and Cognition. NY: Academic Press, 1982, pp. 63-98.10.Glanzer M., Cunitz A.R. Two storage mechanisms in free recall. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 1966, no 5(4), pp. 351-360.11.Glanzer M., Razel M. The size of the unit in short-term storage. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1974, no 13(1), pp. 114-131.12.Kahana J.M, Zaromb F., Wingfield A. Age dissociates recency and lag-recency effects in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2002, no 28(3), pp. 530-540.13.Laming D. Testing the Idea of Distinct Storage Mechanisms in Memory. International Journal of Psychology, 1999, vol. 34, no 5-6, pp. 419-426.14.Laming D. Serial position curves in free recall. Psychological review, 2010, no 117(1), pp. 93.15.McElree B. Accessing recent events. Psychology of learning and motivation, 2006, no 46, pp. 155-200.16.Murdock Jr, B.B. The immediate retention of unrelated words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1960, no 60(4), pp. 222.17.Murdock Jr, B.B. The serial position effect of free recall. Journal of experimental psychology, 1962, no 64(5), pp. 482.18.Murdock B.B. Recent developments in short-term memory. British Journal of Psychology, 1967, no 58(3-4), pp. 421-433.19.Murdock B.B. Human memory: Theory and data. Potomac, Maryland: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1974.20.Murdock B.B., Okada R. Interresponse times in single-trial free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1970, no 86(2), pp. 263.21.Tarnow E. Response probability and response time: a straight line, the Tagging/Retagging interpretation of short term memory, an operational definition of meaningfulness and short term memory time decay and search time. Cognitive neurodynamics, 2008, no 2(4), pp. 347-353.22.Tarnow E. Short term memory may be the depletion of the readily releasable pool of presynaptic neurotransmitter vesicles of a metastable long term memory trace pattern. Cognitive neurodynamics, 2009, no 3(3), pp. 263-269.23.Tarnow E. Have we been looking at the wrong curve? Bulletin of People’s Friendship University of Russia, Series: Psychology and Pedagogy, 2015, no 3, pp. 16-20.24.Tarnow E. Free Recall Retrieval Process Creates Errors in Short Term Memory but Not in Long Term Memory. Bulletin of People’s Friendship University of Russia, Series: Psychology and Pedagogy, 2015, no 2, pp. 54-66.25.Tarnow E Large individual differences in free recall. Submitted for publication, 2015.26.Tulving E., Colotla V.A. Free recall of trilingual lists. Cognitive Psychology, 1970, no 1(1), pp. 86-98.27.Tulving E., Patterson R.D. Functional units and retrieval processes in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1968, no 77(2), pp. 239.28.Watkins M.J. Concept and measurement of primary memory. Psychological Bulletin, 1974, no 81(10), pp. 695.29.Waugh N.C., Norman D.A. Primary memory. Psychological review, 1965, no 72(2), pp. 89.