<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Политология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1438</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1446</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49631</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1438-2026-28-1-129-148</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NPRNDQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>POLITICAL EXPERTISE AND CONSULTING</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА И КОНСУЛЬТИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Artificial Intelligence in Political Forecasting: Possibilities and Limitations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Искусственный интеллект в политическом прогнозировании: возможности и ограничения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6563-044X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorchenko</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федорченко</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Political Sciences, Associate professor, Department of History and Theory of Politics, Faculty of Political Science</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор политических наук, доцент кафедры истории и теории политики факультета политологии</p></bio><email>s.n.fedorchenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Public Policy and Public Administration</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Публичная политика и государственное управление</issue-title><fpage>129</fpage><lpage>148</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-08"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Fedorchenko S.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Федорченко С.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Fedorchenko S.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Федорченко С.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/49631">https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/49631</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The purpose of the study is to identify the possibilities and limitations of artificial intelligence technologies in political forecasting. The principles of simplified factor analysis, as well as critical discourse analysis of academic literature devoted to the use of AI in political forecasting, served as methodological tools. The analysis showed the inconsistency of the introduction of intelligent systems in the field of modern political forecasting. Firstly, among the trigger factors contributing to the development of political AI prognostics, the following were identified: the ability to process huge amounts of information about politics using AI; working out the reliability of future decisions in the field of domestic and foreign policy; high predictive potentials of neural networks with high-quality organization of training and testing; modeling the political behavior of individuals and social groups; identification of precursor of political events by neural networks. Secondly, the stop factors hindering the development of political AI forecasting include: the effect of «poisoning data» due to its inaccuracy, marginality and unreliability; value bias of intelligent systems; substitution of political forecasting by over-fitting data; imperfection of existing political theories used in conjunction with machine learning; tendency of AI to escalation political modeling. The conclusions indicate that the most important trigger factors include the search for hidden political patterns, as well as the hybridization of machine and traditional political forecasting capabilities. It is emphasized that the prospects of the factor of searching for hidden political patterns can balance and exceed the serious risks of the «black box» effect only in combination with the factor of the possibility of hybridization, corresponding to the parameter of the combining the potentials of all three types of forecasting - trend (mathematical), analytical modeling and expertise.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель исследования - выявление возможностей и ограничений технологий искусственного интеллекта в политическом прогнозировании. В качестве методологического инструментария послужили принципы упрощенного факторного анализа, а также критического дискурс-анализа академической литературы, посвященной теме применения ИИ в политическом прогнозировании. Проведенный анализ показал противоречивость внедрения интеллектуальных систем в область современной политической прогностики. Во-первых, среди триггер-факторов, способствующих развитию политической ИИ-прогностики, были выявлены следующие: возможность обрабатывать огромные массивы информации о политике с помощью ИИ; проработка достоверности будущих решений в сфере внутренней и внешней политики; высокие прогнозные потенциалы нейросетей при качественной организации обучения и тестирования; моделирование политического поведения отдельных индивидов и социальных групп; выявление нейросетями предвестников политических событий. Во-вторых, к стоп-факторам, препятствующим развитию политической ИИ-прогностики, отнесены: эффект «отравления данных» из-за их неточности, маргинальности и недостоверности; ценностная предвзятость интеллектуальных систем; подмена политического прогноза чрезмерной подгонкой данных; несовершенство имеющихся политических теорий, используемых вместе с машинным обучением; склонность ИИ к эскалации политического моделирования. В выводах обозначено, что к наиболее важным триггер-факторам следует отнести поиск скрытых политических закономерностей, а также гибридизацию возможностей машинного и традиционного политического прогнозирования. Подчеркивается, что перспективы фактора поиска скрытых политических закономерностей могут уравновесить и превысить серьезные риски эффекта «черного ящика» только в сочетании с фактором возможности гибридизации, отвечающего параметру комбинирования потенциалов всех трех типов прогноза - трендового (математического), аналитического моделирования и экспертизы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>political forecasting</kwd><kwd>neural networks</kwd><kwd>algorithms</kwd><kwd>political science</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>политическое прогнозирование</kwd><kwd>нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>алгоритмы</kwd><kwd>политическая наука</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhremenko, A.S., Petrov, A.P.Ch., &amp; Zheglov, S.A. (2021). How information and communication technologies change trends in modeling political processes: Towards an agent-based approach. Political science, 1, 12–45. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31249/poln/2021.01.01</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аверкин А.Н., Лишилин М.В. Нейронечеткие модели в задачах извлечения правил из искусственных нейронных сетей // Системный анализ в науке и образовании: сетевое научное издание. 2021. № 3. C. 30–43. EDN: RADAAD.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Argyle, L.P., Busby, E.C., Fulda, N., Gubler, J.R., Rytting, C., &amp; Wingate, D. (2023). Out of one, many: Using language models to simulate human samples. Political Analysis, 31(3), 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2023.2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ахременко А.С., Петров А.П.Ч., Жеглов С.А. Как информационно-коммуникационные технологии меняют тренды в моделировании политических процессов: к агентному подходу // Политическая наука. 2021. № 1. С. 12–45. https://doi.org/10.31249/poln/2021.01.01. EDN: PGOSIZ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armstrong, J.S., Green, K.C., &amp; Graefe, A. (2015). Golden rule of forecasting: Be conservative. Journal of Business Research, 68(8), 1717–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.03.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барский А.Б. Нейронные сети: распознавание, управление, принятие решений. Москва : Финансы и статистика, 2004. 176 с. EDN: QMNRUB.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armytage, W.H.G. (1969). Technological forecasting. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 184(1), 1201–1211. https://doi.org/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1969_184_090_02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бестужев-Лада И.В. Будущее не предсказуемо, но предвидимо // Экономические стратегии. 2002. Т. 4. № 2 (16). С. 90–95. EDN: TWUVBL.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Averkin, A.N., &amp; Lishilin, M.V. (2021). Neuro-fuzzy models in problems of extracting rules from artificial neural networks. System analysis in science and education: network scientific publication, 3, 30–43. (In Russian). EDN: RADAAD.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Володенков С.В., Федорченко С.Н., Печенкин Н.М. Возможности и особенности формирования мировоззрения в цифровой коммуникационной среде : по материалам экспертного исследования // Политическая экспертиза: ПОЛИТЭКС. 2023. Т. 19. № 1. С. 58–79. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2023.105. EDN: STHIAO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barsky, A.B. (2004). Neural networks: recognition, control, decision making. Moscow : Finance and Statistics. 176 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерохина О.В. Возможности использования методов машинного обучения для решения политических задач // Гуманитарные науки. Вестник Финансового университета. 2020. Т. 10. № 3. С. 67–73. https://doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2020-10-3-67-73. EDN: KRIICO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beger, A., Morgan, R.K., &amp; Ward, M.D. (2021). Reassessing the role of theory and machine learning in forecasting civil conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65(7–8), 1405–1426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002720982358</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зернова Ю.А., Петрунин Ю.Ю. Прогнозирование президентских выборов во Франции 2007 г. // Государственное управление. Электронный вестник (Электронный журнал). 2010. № 24. URL: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15283514 (дата обращения: 23.01.2025). EDN: MWLRMP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benjamin, D.M., Morstatter, F., Abbas, A.E., Abeliuk, A., Atanasov, P., Bennett, S., Beger, A., Birari, S., Budescu, D.V., Catasta, M., Ferrara, E., Haravitch, L., Himmelstein, M., Hossain, K.T., Huang, Y., Jin, W., Joseph, R., Leskovec, J., Matsui, A., Mirtaheri, M., Ren, X., Satyukov, G., Sethi, R., Singh, A., Sosic, R., Steyvers, M., Szekely, P.A., Ward, M.D., &amp; Galstyan, A. (2023). Hybrid forecasting of geopolitical events. AI Magazine, 44(1), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/aaai.12085</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корсаков С.Н. Начертание нового способа исследования при помощи машин, сравнивающих идеи / пер. с фр. под ред. А.С. Михайлова. Москва : МИФИ, 2009. 44 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bestuzhev-Lada, I.V. (2002). The future is unpredictable, but predictable. Economic strategies, 4, 2(16), 90–95. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведев И.А., Устюжанин В.В., Жданов А.И., Коротаев А.В. Применение методов машинного обучения для ранжирования факторов и прогнозирования невооруженной и вооруженной революционной дестабилизации в афразийской макрозоне нестабильности // Системный мониторинг глобальных и региональных рисков : ежегодник /отв. ред. Л.Е. Гринин, А.В. Коротаев, Д.А. Быканова. T. 13. Волгоград : Учитель, 2022. Т. 13. С. 131–210. https://doi.org/10.30884/978-5-7057-6184-5_06</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erokhina, O.V. (2020). Possibilities of using machine learning methods to solve political problems. Humanities. Bulletin of the Financial University, 10(3), 67–73. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2020-10-3-67-73</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новиков А.В. Прогнозирование риска террористических актов на основе алгоритмов машинного обучения // Национальная безопасность / Nota Bene. 2022. № 1. С. 28–44. https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2022.1.36596 EDN: MEDFDL.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hossain, K.S.M., Harutyunyan, H., Ning, Y., Kennedy, B., Ramakrishnan, N., &amp; Galstyan, A. (2022). Identifying geopolitical event precursors using attention-based LSTMs. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.893875. Retrieved January 23, 2025, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36388399/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">От искусственного интеллекта к искусственной социальности: новые исследовательские проблемы современной социальной аналитики / под ред. А.В. Резаева. Москва : ВЦИОМ, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korsakov, S.N. (2009). Outlining a new way of research using machines that compare ideas. Moscow : MEPhI. 44 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрунин Ю.Ю., Зернова Ю.А. Статистические и нейросетевые методы исследования политической ситуации во Франции на примере региональных выборов 1998 и 2004 годов // Государственное управление. Электронный вестник (Электронный журнал). 2008. № 14. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/statisticheskie-i-neyrosetevye-metody-issledovaniya-politicheskoy-situatsii-vo-frantsii-na-primere-regionalnyh-vyborov-1998-i-2004-godov (дата обращения: 23.01.2025). EDN: MOTZPJ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makridakis, S., Spiliotis, E., &amp; Assimakopoulos, V. (2018). Statistical and Machine Learning forecasting methods: Concerns and ways forward. PLoS One, 13(3), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194889. Retrieved January 23, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5870978/#abstract1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Себекин С.А. Искусственный интеллект в политических процессах: перспективы и вызовы // Известия Иркутского государственного университета. Серия: Политология. Религиоведение. 2023. Т. 46. С. 7–18. https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2023.46.7 EDN: RLEPOU.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McQuillan, D. (2016). Algorithmic paranoia and the convivial alternative. Big Data &amp; Society, 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716671340. Retrieved January 23, 2025, from http://sage.cnpereading.com/paragraph/article/?doi=10.1177/2053951716671340.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ясницкий Л.Н. О возможностях применения методов искусственного интеллекта в политологии // Вестник Пермского университета. Политология. 2008. № 2 (4). С. 147–155. EDN: XHOSDJ.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedev, I.A., Ustyuzhanin, V.V., Zhdanov, A.I., &amp; Korotaev, A.V. (2022). Application of machine learning methods for ranking factors and forecasting unarmed and armed revolutionary destabilization in the Afro-Asian macro zone of instability. In L.E. Grinin, A.V. Korotaev, D.A. Bykanova (Eds.), Systemic monitoring of global and regional risks: A Yearbook. Volgograd: Uchitel Publ., 13, 131–210. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.30884/978-5-7057-6184-5_06</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ясницкий Л.Н. Интеллектуальные системы. Москва : Лаборатория знаний, 2016. 221 с. EDN: WCGNOR.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mellers, B.A., McCoy, J.P., Lu, L., &amp; Tetlock, P.E. (2024). Human and algorithmic predictions in geopolitical forecasting: Quantifying uncertainty in hard-to-quantify domains. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 19(5), 711–721. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916231185339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Argyle L.P., Busby E.C., Fulda N., Gubler J.R., Rytting C., Wingate D. Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samples // Political Analysis. 2023. Vol. 31. Iss. 3. P. 337–351. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2023.2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milivojevic, S. (2022). Artificial intelligence, illegalised mobility and lucrative alchemy of border utopia. Criminology &amp; Criminal, Justice, 0(0), https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958221123855. Retrieved January 23, 2025, from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17488958221123855</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armstrong J.S., Green K.C., Graefe A. Golden rule of forecasting: Be conservative // Journal of Business Research. 2015. Vol. 68. Iss. 8. P. 1717–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.03.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikov, A.V. (2022). Forecasting the risk of terrorist attacks based on machine learning algorithms. National security / Nota Bene, 1, 28–44. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2022.1.36596</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armytage W.H.G. Technological Forecasting // Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 1969. Vol. 184. Iss. 1. P. 1201–1211. https://doi.org/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1969_184_090_02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrunin, Yu.Y., &amp; Zernova, Yu.A. (2008). Statistical and neural network methods for studying the political situation in France on the example of regional elections in 1998 and 2004. Public Administration. Electronic Bulletin (Electronic journal), (14). (In Russian). Retrieved January 23, 2025, from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/statisticheskie-i-neyrosetevye-metody-issledovaniya-politicheskoy-situatsii-vo-frantsii-na-primere-regionalnyh-vyborov-1998-i-2004-godov.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beger A., Morgan R.K., Ward M.D. Reassessing the Role of Theory and Machine Learning in Forecasting Civil Conflict // Journal of Conflict Resolution. 2021. Vol. 65. Iss. 7–8. P. 1405–1426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002720982358</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rezaev, A.V. (Ed.). (2020). From artificial intelligence to artificial sociality: new research problems of modern social analytics. Moscow: VtsIOM. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benjamin D.M., Morstatter F., Abbas A.E., Abeliuk A., Atanasov P., Bennett S., Beger A., Birari S., Budescu D.V., Catasta M., Ferrara E., Haravitch L., Himmelstein M., Hossain K.T., Huang Y., Jin W., Joseph R., Leskovec J., Matsui A., Mirtaheri M., Ren X., Satyukov G., Sethi R., Singh A., Sosic R., Steyvers M., Szekely P.A., Ward M.D., Galstyan A. Hybrid forecasting of geopolitical events // AI Magazine. 2023. Vol. 44. Iss. 1. P. 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/aaai.12085</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rivera, J-P., Mukobi, G., Reuel, A., Lamparth, M., Smith, Ch., &amp; Schneider, J. (2024). Escalation risks from language models in military and diplomatic decision-making research-article. FAccT ‘24: Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 836–898. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.365894</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hossain K.S.M., Harutyunyan H., Ning Y., Kennedy B., Ramakrishnan N., Galstyan A. Identifying Geopolitical Event Precursors Using Attention-Based LSTMs // Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence. 2022. Vol. 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.893875. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36388399/ (accessed: 23.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rocca, G.L. (1981). ‘A second party in our midst’: The history of the Soviet Scientific Forecasting Association. Social Studies of Science, 11(2), 199–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631278101100202</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makridakis S., Spiliotis E., Assimakopoulos V. Statistical and Machine Learning forecasting methods: Concerns and ways forward // PLoS One. 2018. Vol. 13. Iss. 3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194889. URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5870978/#abstract1 (accessed: 23.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobekin, S.A. (2023). Artificial intelligence in political processes: Prospects and challenges. Izvestiya Irkutsk State University. Series: Political Science. Religious studies, 46, 7–18. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.26516/2073-3380.2023.46.7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McQuillan D. Algorithmic paranoia and the convivial alternative // Big Data &amp; Society. 2016. Iss. 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716671340. URL: http://sage.cnpereading.com/paragraph/article/?doi=10.1177/2053951716671340 (accessed: 23.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volodenkov, S.V., Fedorchenko, S.N., &amp; Pechenkin, N.M. (2023). Possibilities and features of worldview formation in the digital communication environment: Based on expert research. Political expertise: POLITEX, 19(1), 58–79. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2023.105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mellers B.A., McCoy J.P., Lu L., Tetlock P.E. Human and Algorithmic Predictions in Geopolitical Forecasting: Quantifying Uncertainty in Hard-to-Quantify Domains // Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2024. Vol. 19. Iss. 5. P. 711–721. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916231185339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang, K.-C., &amp; Menczer, F. (2024). Anatomy of an AI-powered malicious social botnet. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media, 4. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://journalqd.org/article/view/5848</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milivojevic S. Artificial intelligence, illegalised mobility and lucrative alchemy of border utopia // Criminology &amp; Criminal Justice. 2022. 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958221123855. URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17488958221123855 (accessed: 23.01.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasnitskiy, L.N. (2008). On the possibilities of using artificial intelligence methods in political science. Bulletin of Perm University. Political science, 2(4), 147–155. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rivera J-P., Mukobi G., Reuel A., Lamparth M., Smith Ch., Schneider J. Escalation Risks from Language Models in Military and Diplomatic Decision-Making research-article // FAccT ‘24: Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. 2024. P. 836–898. https://doi.org/10.1145/3630106.365894</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasnitsky, L.N. (2016). Intelligent systems. Moscow: Laboratory of Knowledge, 221 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rocca G.L. ‘A Second Party in Our Midst’: The History of the Soviet Scientific Forecasting Association // Social Studies of Science. 1981. Vol. 11. Iss. 2. P. 199–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631278101100202</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zernova, Yu.A., &amp; Petrunin, Yu.Y. (2010). Forecasting the presidential elections in France in 2007. Public Administration. Electronic Bulletin (Electronic journal), 24. Retrieved January 23, 2025, from https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15283514. (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang K.-C., Menczer F. Anatomy of an AI-powered malicious social botnet // Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media. 2024. Vol. 4. URL: https://journalqd.org/article/view/5848 (accessed: 15.11.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuloaga-Rotta, L., Borja-Rosales, R., Rodríguez, Mallma, M.J., Mauricio, D., &amp; Maculan, N. (2024). Method to forecast the presidential election results based on simulation and machine learning. Computation, 12(38), https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12030038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuloaga-Rotta L., Borja-Rosales R., Rodríguez Mallma M.J., Mauricio D., Maculan N. Method to Forecast the Presidential Election Results Based on Simulation and Machine Learning // Computation. 2024. Vol. 12. Iss. 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12030038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
