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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Политология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1438</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1446</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">48012</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1438-2025-27-4-775-792</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GEQECP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MACRO-REGIONAL ISSUES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАКРОРЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Developmental Welfare States in Africa: Conceptualisation and Classification</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Развивающиеся социальные государства Африки: концептуализация и классификация</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7747-5625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Seresova</surname><given-names>Uliana I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сересова</surname><given-names>Ульяна Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Political Science, Associate Professor, Department of Tourism and Service, Department of Comparative Politics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры туризма и сервиса, доцент кафедры сравнительной политологии</p></bio><email>seresova_ui@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Politics in Africa and Africa in Politics</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Политика в Африке и Африка в политике</issue-title><fpage>775</fpage><lpage>792</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-12"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Seresova U.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Сересова У.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Seresova U.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сересова У.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/48012">https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/48012</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The concept of welfare state based on the criteria that G. Esping-Andersen elaborated for developed capitalist economies - OECD member-states. The problem of the possibility of implementation of this concept in African states forms the key research question of the paper. We study various theoretical and empirical classifications of approaches adapting and transferring the methodology of welfare states towards developing countries and Africa, in particular, including the ones introducing the notions of developing welfare state and meta-welfare regimes. The limitations of the implementation of this concept in Africa are connected to the absence of democratic regimes, low level of economic development and certain weakness of state as a political actor. Precommodification happening in Africa in the late 20th century while commodification was giving way to decommodification in the developed economies is in fact the main peculiarity of Africa from the viewpoint of welfare state criteria. The adapted criteria enable the usage of new terms within the academic discourse like productive, protective and dual regimes; informal security regimes and insecurity regimes; labour reserve economies and cash crop economies; Middle African and Southern African models of social protection, etc. Comparing these theoretical approaches to an empirical classification of states according to the level of Human Development Index, and taking into consideration the known worldwide rise of the index for the last decades together with the presence of state social protection programmes in Africa, we can argue that an original developing welfare state exists on the African continent which we suggest to name ‘welfare state with adjectives’. The diversity of its representations under the conditions of the absence of any unite African model of welfare state depends on the heritage of the colonial past and postcolonial transition, religion, the level of economic development, differentiated dependence on the international community and capacity of state to fulfil social functions on its own.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Концепция социального государства (государства всеобщего благоденствия) была основана на критериях, выработанных Г. Эспинг-Андерсеном для развитых капиталистических стран - членов ОЭСР. Ключевой исследовательский вопрос настоящей статьи - о возможности применения концепции социального государства к африканским странам. Для этого в работе исследуются различные теоретические и эмпирические классификации подходов к социальным государствам в Африке, в том числе вводящие понятия развивающегося социального государства и мета-социального государства для того, чтобы перенести эту методологию в развивающиеся страны. Ограничения применения концепции социального государства в Африке связаны с отсутствием демократических режимов, низким уровнем экономического развития и слабостью государства как политического института. Ключевой особенностью Африки с позиций критериев социального государства выступает происходящая в конце ХХ в. прекоммодификация - в то время как в развитых странах в этот период декоммодификация сменяет завершающуюся коммодификацию. Исходя из скорректированных критериев, в Африке выделяют продуктивный, протективный и дуальный режимы, метасоциальные государства с неформальной социальной защитой и без социальной защиты, страны с резервной рабочей силой и сельскохозяйственным режимом, центральноафриканскую и южноафриканскую модели социальной защиты и т.п. Сравнение этих теоретических классификаций с эмпирической классификацией стран по индексу человеческого развития вместе с повсеместным ростом этого индекса в последние десятилетия и наличием государственных социальных программ в Африке позволяет говорить о существовании своеобразного развивающегося социального государства на континенте, которое предлагается обозначить неологизмом «социальное государство с прилагательными». Разнообразие его проявлений в условиях отсутствия единого варианта африканского социального государства обусловлено наследием колониальной эпохи и постколониального транзита, религиозным разнообразием уровней экономического развития, зависимостью от международного сообщества и способностью государства выполнять свои социальные функции самостоятельно.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>welfare state</kwd><kwd>social functions of the state</kwd><kwd>decommodification</kwd><kwd>residual welfare state</kwd><kwd>developmental welfare state</kwd><kwd>human development index</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>социальное государство</kwd><kwd>социальные функции государства</kwd><kwd>декоммодификация</kwd><kwd>резидуальное социальное государство</kwd><kwd>развивающееся социальное государство</kwd><kwd>индекс человеческого развития</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abu, Sharkh, M., &amp; Gough, I. 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