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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Политология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1438</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1446</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46517</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1438-2025-27-3-459-478</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OMICAY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>POLITICS ONLINE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПОЛИТИКА В СЕТИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Affective Polarization in the Russian Social Media Within the Political Mobilization: A Machine Learning Approach</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ аффективной поляризации в российском онлайнпространстве в условиях политической мобилизации: подход машинного обучения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4778-3287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruchinskaia</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кручинская</surname><given-names>Екатерина Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer at the Department of Higher Mathematics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель кафедры высшей математики</p></bio><email>ekruchinskaya@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">HSE University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Digital policies</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Цифровая политика</issue-title><fpage>459</fpage><lpage>478</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-18"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Kruchinskaia E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Кручинская Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kruchinskaia E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кручинская Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/46517">https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/46517</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the context of the current rise in global political tensions and widespread protests, the examination of affective polarization dynamics has become increasingly significant. This phenomenon, which previously dominated the American political scene and was studied through the lens of party affiliation, is now gaining attention in other countries as well. Affective polarization has been observed in Russia, a nation with a long history of political cleavages. Despite the significance of this problem, research on affective polarization presents challenges in developing unbiased and objective methods for analysis that are free from traditional survey biases. Additionally, it remains an open question whether affective polarization and political activism reinforce each other, which is the central hypothesis of my research. To evaluate the proposed methodology, a study based on machine learning techniques is conducted. Specifically, the following methods are employed: spectral clustering, thematic modeling using BERTopic, and Shannon entropy analysis. As a basis for the empirical analysis, primary data from the VKontakte social media platform during the summer protests in Moscow in 2019 is utilized. These data consist of user-generated messages containing instances of hate speech, which serve as a primary indication of affective polarization among participants. The findings support the hypothesis that there was a statistically significant increase in the level of Shannon entropy, as well as the emergence of polarized themes associated with protest mobilization. These results suggest that political mobilization may be linked to the propagation of affective polarization within society. Through the application of the developed methodology, an objective assessment of political processes can be achieved. Furthermore, this approach provides a means for monitoring and evaluating risks associated with escalating social tensions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В условиях глобального роста политической напряженности и повсеместного учащения протестных выступлений изучение динамики аффективной поляризации становится все более актуальным. Этот феномен, ранее доминировавший в политическом ландшафте США и изучавшийся сквозь призму партийной принадлежности, приобретает значение и в других странах. Распространение аффективной поляризации фиксируется и для России, имеющей богатую историю политических размежеваний. Несмотря на актуальность темы, исследования аффективной поляризации сталкиваются с проблемой разработки объективных и нереактивных методов анализа, свободных от предвзятости традиционных опросов. Кроме того, открытым остается вопрос о связи аффективной поляризации и политической мобилизации - действительно ли эти явления, развивающиеся схожими трендами, усиливают друг друга? Этот вопрос является основной гипотезой исследования. Для ее тестирования предложена методология, основанная на машинном обучении: спектральной кластеризации, тематическом моделировании BERTopic и энтропии Шеннона. В качестве эмпирической базы использованы первичные данные сообщений социальной сети «ВКонтакте», собранные в период летних протестов 2019 г. в Москве и представляющие собой сообщения пользователей, в которых выражен язык ненависти (как основной индикатор аффективной поляризации). Результаты подтвердили выдвинутую гипотезу: обнаружено статистически значимое увеличение энтропии Шеннона и выявление поляризованных тематик в период протестной мобилизации. Это свидетельствует о том, что политическая мобилизация действительно положительно связана с распространением аффективной поляризации. Разработанная методология позволяет проводить объективный анализ политических процессов и может быть использована для мониторинга и оценки рисков, связанных с эскалацией социальной напряженности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>political mobilization</kwd><kwd>affective polarization</kwd><kwd>hate speech</kwd><kwd>online communication</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>topic modeling</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>политическая мобилизация</kwd><kwd>аффективная поляризация</kwd><kwd>язык ненависти</kwd><kwd>онлайн-коммуникация</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>тематическое моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boxell, L., Gentzkow, M., &amp; Shapiro, J.M. (2017). Greater Internet use is not associated with faster growth in political polarization among US demographic groups. 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