<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Политология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1438</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1446</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">42654</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1438-2024-26-4-658-674</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZJLZUW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORY AND PRACTICE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Authoritarianism vs Democracy as a Key Contradiction in Approaching the Study of Political Leadership</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Авторитаризм и демократия как ключевое противоречие в подходах к изучению политического лидерства</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3520-2502</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strelets</surname><given-names>Ilya E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрелец</surname><given-names>Илья Эрнстович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Political Science, Associate Professor of Comparative Politics Department, School of Governance and Politics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат политических наук, доцент кафедры сравнительной политологии факультета управления и политики</p></bio><email>sagitil@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">MGIMO University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный институт международных отношений (университет) Министерства иностранных дел Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Political Meanings, Identity Theory and the History of Ideas</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Политические смыслы, теория идентичности и история идей</issue-title><fpage>658</fpage><lpage>674</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-29"><day>29</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Strelets I.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Стрелец И.Э.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Strelets I.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стрелец И.Э.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/42654">https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/42654</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study examines current trends in political leadership research in the context of theoretical and methodological debates regarding the key dichotomies of personality vs institution, authoritarianism vs democracy. In most scientific publications, especially by foreign authors, these concepts are interpreted not so much substantively as ideologically, turning into markers of commitment to conservative or liberal narratives. ‘Democratic transit’ through ‘color revolutions’ in the context of intensive information exchange intensifies the multidirectional trends of globalization and glocalization, introducing into the sphere of public policy leaders with dubious subjectivity who do not justify the hopes of either foreign beneficiaries, or local elites, or the population. Attempts to build political institutions where decisions are made not by leaders, but by elites, in countries that are not part of the circle of Western democracies, prove unviable. The purpose of this article is to separate ideological clichés from definitions, turning to the aspects of an authoritarian personality in the context of political leadership. It is concluded that the personological approach is fundamental in the study of this phenomenology, which implies consideration of a set of personal traits of a politician in the process of implementing his/her powers. This makes it possible to move away from the incorrect assessment of a leader according to the model of democrat vs autocrat towards the development of an analytically oriented method. Since at present in the West it is customary to consider ‘democracy’ the political system in those states that correspond to the WEIRD category, then the form of government in other regions can be characterized by representatives of the West as autocracy, regardless of the election system, regulations for the exercise of power, its change and other factors. This view is a relic of the unipolar world concept, demonstrating rigidity and agonism, which contradicts the concept of multipolarity, which is adhered to by Russia and its partners in various associations, including BRICS. This article contributes to the study of the multidimensional phenomenon of political leadership in terms of removing conceptual and methodological contradictions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассматриваются современные тенденции исследований политического лидерства в контексте теоретико-методологических споров относительно ключевых дихотомий: личность vs институт, авторитаризм vs демократия. В большинстве научных публикаций, особенно зарубежных авторов, данные понятия трактуются не столько содержательно, сколько идеологически, превращаясь в маркеры приверженности к консервативным или либеральным нарративам. «Демократический транзит» посредством «цветных революций» в условиях интенсивного информационного обмена усиливает разнонаправленные тенденции глобализации и глокализации, вводя в сферу публичной политики лидеров с сомнительной субъектностью, которые не оправдывают надежды ни зарубежных бенефициаров, ни местных элит, ни населения. Попытки выстроить политические институты, где решения принимают не лидеры, а элиты, в странах, не входящих в круг западных демократий, оказываются нежизнеспособны. Цель исследования - отделение идеологических клише от дефиниций, обратившись к проблематике авторитарной личности в контексте политического лидерства. Делается вывод о том, что основополагающим в изучении данной феноменологии является персонологический подход, подразумевающий рассмотрение набора личностных черт политика в процессе реализации им властных полномочий. Это делает возможным отход от некорректного оценивания лидера по модели «демократ vs автократ» в сторону разработки аналитико-ориентированного метода. Поскольку в настоящее время на Западе принято считать «демократией» политический строй в тех государствах, которые соответствуют категории WEIRD (по начальным буквам слов « western », « educated », « industrialized », « rich », « democratic » - «западных, образованных, индустриальных, богатых, демократических»), то форма правления в иных регионах может характеризоваться представителями «коллективного Запада» как автократия, независимо от системы выборов, регламента осуществления власти, ее смены и других факторов. Подобный взгляд является пережитком представлений «однополярного мира», демонстрируя ригидность и агональность, что противоречит концепции многополярности, которого придерживается Россия и ее партнеры по разным объединениям, включая БРИКС. Данная статья вносит вклад в изучение многоаспектного феномена политического лидерства с точки зрения снятия ряда концептуальных и методологических противоречий.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>political leadership</kwd><kwd>political institutions</kwd><kwd>authoritarianism</kwd><kwd>democracy</kwd><kwd>leader</kwd><kwd>personology-centred approach</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>политическое лидерство</kwd><kwd>политические институты</kwd><kwd>авторитаризм</kwd><kwd>демократия</kwd><kwd>лидер</kwd><kwd>персонологический подход</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahlers, A., &amp; Stichweh, R. (2017). The bipolarity of democracy and authoritarianism: Value patterns, inclusion roles and forms of internal differentiation of political systems. Forum Internationale Wissenschaft. Working Paper No 09. Bonne.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гаман-­Голутвина О.В., Сморгунов Л.В., Тимофеева Л.Н. Конституционные изменения, власть и политика // Власть. 2021. Т. 29. № 3. С. 305–311. https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v29i3.8201</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altemeyer, B. (1996). The Authoritarian Specter. Harvard: Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лидер на фоне эпохи: традиции и новации современного политического лидерства в странах Запада / Л.С. Окунева, В.О. Печатнов, Н.К. Капитонова [и др.]; под ред. Л.С. Окуневой. Москва : МГИМО-Университет, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altemeyer, В. (1981). Right-­Wing Authoritarianism. Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведев Ю.С. Концепция конкурентного авторитаризма и ее критика в научной литературе // Полития. 2021. № 1 (100). С. 154–169. https://doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2021-100-1-154-169</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dean, J., &amp; Altemeyer, B. (2021). Authoritarian nightmare: The ongoing threat of Trump’s followers. Brooklyn, NY, London, UK: Melville House.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Недяк И.Л. Господство в современных демократиях: подходы к концептуализации, измерению, ограничению // Политическая концептология: журнал метадисциплинарных исследований. 2022. № 2. С. 32–48. https://doi.org/10.18522/2218-5518.2022.2.3248</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Del Real, D., &amp; Menjívar, C. (2024). The tools of autocracy worldwide: Authoritarian networks, the façade of democracy, and neo-­repression. American Behavioral Scientist, 68(12), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642241267926</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Правый популизм: глобальный тренд и региональные особенности / Н.К. Капитонова, И.Э. Магадеев, В.О. Печатнов [и др.]; под ред. Л.С. Окуневой, А.И. Тэвдой-­Бурмули. Москва : МГИМО-Университет, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farrell, T. (2023). Review of [Joseph Henrich, The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020)]. New Explorations, 3(2), 1–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стрелец И.Э. В.В. Путин и Д.А. Медведев: политико-­психологический анализ предвыборной рокировки и перспектив властного тандема // Вест. Томск. ун-­та. Философия. Социология. Политология. 2013. № 3 (23). С. 137–142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fazaa, S.S., &amp; Zane, El, Abidine, N.Z.E.A. (2022). The problem of the transfer of power in Egypt during the rule of Muhammad Morsi (2012–2013). Tikrit Journal for Political Science, 4(30), 3–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стрелец И.Э. Ельцин и Путин: президентское лидерство в контексте российской политической трансформации // Актуальные проблемы Европы. 2019. № 2. С. 180–210. https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2019.02.09</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gaman-­Golutvina, O.V., Smorgunov, L.V., &amp; Timofeeva, L.N. (2021). Constitutional changes, power and politics. Vlast’ (The Authority), 29(3), 305–311. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31171/vlast.v29i3.8201</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестопал Е.Б. Парадоксы политического лидерства // Полис. Политические исследования. 2023. № 3. С. 181–191. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2023.03.13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenstein, F.I. (2009). The presidential difference: Leadership style from FDR to George W. Bush. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестопал Е.Б. Образ идеального будущего: нормативные представления российских граждан о власти // Вест. Томск. ун-­та. 2021. № 464. С. 99–112. https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/464/12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutorov, V.A., Shirinyants, A.A., &amp; Kazarinova, D.B. (2023). Ideas, Ideologies and Public Consent: Introducing the Issue. RUDN Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2023-25-1-9-20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестопал Е.Б., Рогач Н.Н. Идеальные представления как фактор восприятия реального политического лидера // Полис. Политические исследования. 2020. № 4. С. 166–181. https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.04.12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henrich, J. (2020). The WEIRDest People in the world: How the west became psychologically peculiar and particularly prosperous. Danvers, MA: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahlers A., Stichweh R. The Bipolarity of Democracy and Authoritarianism: Value Patterns, Inclusion Roles and Forms of Internal Differentiation of Political Systems. Forum Internationale Wissenschaft Working Paper No. 09. Bonne : Rheinische Friedrich-­Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Press, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kellerman, B. (2016). Leadership — it’s a system, not a person! Daedalus, 145(3), 83–94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altemeyer B. The Authoritarian Specter. Harvard : Harvard University Press, 1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kellerman, B. (2024). Leadership from bad to worse: What happens when bad festers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altemeyer В. Right-­Wing Authoritarianism. Manitoba : University of Manitoba Press, 1981.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lind, G., Sandberger, J.-U., &amp; Bargel, T. (1985). Moral competence and democratic personality. In G. Lind, H.A. Hartmann &amp; R. Wakenhut (Eds.), Moral Development and the Social Environment (pp. 55–78). Chicago: Precedent Publisher.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dean J., Altemeyer B. Authoritarian Nightmare: The Ongoing Threat of Trump’s Followers. Brooklyn, NY, London, UK: Melville House, 2021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Machin, A. (2022). Climates of democracy: Skeptical, rational, and radical imaginaries. WIREs Climate Change, 13(4), e774.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Del Real D., Menjívar C. The Tools of Autocracy Worldwide: Authoritarian Networks, the Façade of Democracy, and Neo-­Repression // American Behavioral Scientist. 2024. Vol. 68, no. 12. P. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642241267926</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedev, Ju.S. (2021). The concept of competitive authoritarianism and its criticism in scientific literature. Politeia, 1, 154–169. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2021-100-1-154-169</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farrell T. Review of [Joseph Henrich, The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020)] // New Explorations. 2023. Vol. 3, no. 2. P. 1–16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mudyń, K.W (2002). Poszukiwaniu demokratycznej struktury osobowości. Kultura I Edukacja, 1, 40–51. (In Polish).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fazaa S.S., Zane El Abidine N.Z.E.A. The problem of the transfer of power in Egypt during the rule of Muhammad Morsi (2012–2013) // Tikrit Journal For Political Science. 2022. Vol. 4, no. 30. P. 3–30. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v4i30.85</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nedyak, I.L. (2022). Domination in modern democracies: Approaches to the conceptualization, measurement, restriction. The Political Conceptology: Journal of Metadisciplinary Research, 2, 32–48. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18522/2218-5518.2022.2.3248</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenstein F.I. The Presidential Difference: Leadership Style from FDR to George W. Bush. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okuneva, L.S. (Ed.). (2022). A leader against the backdrop of the era: Traditions and innovations of modern political leadership in western countries. Moscow: MGIMO-University. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gutorov V.A., Shirinyants A.A., Kazainova D.B. Ideas, ideologies and public consent: Introducing the issue // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Политология. 2023. Т. 25. № 1. С. 9–20. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2023-25-1-9-20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okuneva, L.S., &amp; Tevdoy-­Burmuli, A.I., (Eds.). (2020). Right-­wing populism: Global trend and regional features. Moscow: MGIMO-University. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henrich J. The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous. Danvers, MA: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG), 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanches de Oliveira, G., &amp; Baggs, E. (2023). Psychology’s WEIRD problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kellerman B. Leadership — It’s a System, not a Person! // Daedalus. 2016. Vol. 145, no. 3. P. 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00399</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestopal, E.B. (2021). The image of the ideal future: Normative ideas of Russian citizens about power. Tomsk State University Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and Political Science, 464, 99–112. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/464/12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kellerman B. Leadership from Bad to Worse: What Happens When Bad Festers. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestopal, E.B. (2023). Paradoxes of political leadership. Polis. Political studies, 3, 181–191. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2023.03.13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lind G., Sandberger J.-U., Bargel T. Moral Competence and Democratic Personality // Moral development and the social environment / ed. by G. Lind, H.A. Hartmann, R. Wakenhut. Chicago : Precedent Publisher, 1985. P. 55–78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestopal, E.B., &amp; Rogach, N.N. (2020). Ideal representations as a factor in the perception of a real political leader. Polis. Political studies, 4, 166–181. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.04.12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Machin A. Climates of Democracy: Skeptical, Rational, and Radical Imaginaries // WIREs Climate Change. 2022. Vol. 13, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.774</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strelets, I.E. Yeltsin and Putin: Presidential Leadership in the Context of Russia’s Political Transformation. Current problems of Europe, 2, 180–210. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2019.02.09</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mudyń K. W Poszukiwaniu Demokratycznej Struktury Osobowości // Kultura I Edukacja. 2002. № 1. P. 40–51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strelets, I.E. (2013). V.V. Putin and D.A. Medvedev: Political-­psychological analysis of the pre-­election castling and the prospects of the power tandem. Tomsk State University Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and Political Science, 3(23), 137–142. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanches de Oliveira G., Baggs E. Psychology’s WEIRD Problems. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiatr, J.J. (2022). Political leadership between democracy and authoritarianism: Comparative and historical perspectives (1st ed.). Leverkusen: Verlag Barbara Budrich.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiatr J.J. Political Leadership Between Democracy and Authoritarianism: Comparative and Historical Perspectives (1st ed.). Leverkusen : Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv27tctmb</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ziegenhain, P., &amp; Enkhtaivan, Kh. (2024). Democracy and authoritarianism in Egypt today. Islamic World and Politics, 8(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v8i1.99</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ziegenhain P., Enkhtaivan Kh. Democracy and Authoritarianism in Egypt Today // Islamic World and Politics. 2024. Vol. 8, no. 1. P. 75–84. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v8i1.99</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
