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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Political Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Политология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-1438</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-1446</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">31847</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-1438-2022-24-3-408-418</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIGITAL POLITICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦИФРОВОЕ ПРОСТРАНСТВО ПОЛИТИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Darknet and the Political</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Даркнет и политическое</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0127-5642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovlev</surname><given-names>Maksim V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлев</surname><given-names>Максим Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Political Science, Professor of the Department of Philosophy of Politics and Law</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор политических наук, профессор кафедры философии политики и права философского факультета</p></bio><email>maxvuz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Internet and Politics</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Интернет и политика</issue-title><fpage>408</fpage><lpage>418</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-09-07"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Yakovlev M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Яковлев М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yakovlev M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Яковлев М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/31847">https://journals.rudn.ru/political-science/article/view/31847</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The Darknet is becoming an increasingly visible structural unit in the political sphere and at the same time remains a little-studied area of cyberspace. Therefore, the article aims to determine the conceptual prism for its consideration and its actual significance in the measurement of the political. With the help of comparative historical analysis, the study reveals the causes and time of the political birth of the Darknet, characterizes its resources and political role through system and content analysis, systematizes and clarifies the concepts of power and politics in the Network based on the provisions of R. Gel, M. Castels, K. Schmitt, etc. The author names the expansion of states (especially autocracies) in the digital space as the main factor in the politicization and transformation of the Darknet. The pressure of power and dominance systems aimed at maintaining sovereignty and control in cyberspace caused “digital resistance” of programmers and users seeking free data exchange and confidentiality, as well as civil activists who strived to avoid prosecution for dissent, which led to the renewed architecture and functionality of the Darknet, its transformation into an alternative space of informational interaction and a database to build up the opposition potential. Criminals also took advantage of the opportunities of the new network for their own purposes. The main result of the research is the thesis that the Darknet is being transformed into a special socio-technical system that is outside the sphere of international and state law, where all interactions are carried out exclusively through private agreements between clients, with an alternative world payment system based on cryptocurrencies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Даркнет становится все более заметной структурной единицей в политической сфере и вместе с тем пока остается малоизученным участком киберпространства. Поэтому в исследовании ставится цель определить концептуальную призму для его рассмотрения и его актуальное значение в измерении политического. При помощи сравнительно-исторического метода выявляются причины и время политического рождения Даркнета, посредством системного и контент-анализа характеризуются его ресурсы и политическая роль, на основе положений Р. Геля, М. Кастельса, К. Шмитта и др. систематизируются и уточняются понятия власти и политики в Сети. Делается вывод о том, что основным фактором политизации и трансформации Даркнета стала экспансия государств (в особенности автократий) в интернет-пространстве. Давление систем власти и доминирования, нацеленных на поддержание в киберпространстве суверенитета и контроля, вызвало «цифровое сопротивление» программистов и пользователей, стремящихся к свободному обмену данными и конфиденциальности, а также гражданских активистов, желающих избежать преследования за инакомыслие, что обусловило обновление архитектуры и функционала Даркнета, его превращение в альтернативное пространство информационного взаимодействия и базу для наращивания оппозиционного потенциала. Возможностями новой сети для своих целей воспользовался и криминалитет. Основным результатом исследования является тезис о том, что Даркнет трансформируется в особую социально-техническую систему, находящуюся вне сферы международного и государственного права, где все взаимодействия осуществляются только посредством частных соглашений между клиентами, где на основе криптовалют сформирована альтернативная мировая платежная система.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cyberspace</kwd><kwd>Darknet</kwd><kwd>“digital opposition”</kwd><kwd>political</kwd><kwd>power</kwd><kwd>hacktivism</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>власть</kwd><kwd>Даркнет</kwd><kwd>киберпространство</kwd><kwd>политическое</kwd><kwd>хактивизм</kwd><kwd>цифровое сопротивление</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке Междисциплинарной научно-образовательной школы Московского университета «Сохранение мирового культурно-исторического наследия».</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The study is supported by the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University “Preservation of the world cultural and historical heritage”.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acar, H., &amp; Pekcandanoglu, M. 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