RUDN Journal of Political ScienceRUDN Journal of Political Science2313-14382313-1446Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)3031710.22363/2313-1438-2022-24-1-90-106Research ArticleWomen and Anarchism: The Anarcha-Feminism Movement in Europe and the United StatesBrekhovGleb S.<p>postgraduate of Political Science, Department of Comparative Politics</p>1042200137@rudn.universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5723-4957Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)250220222419010625022022Copyright © 2022, Brekhov G.S.2022<p style="text-align: justify;">As an ideology, anarchism has many currents formed through its symbiosis with various socio-political philosophies, including feminism. In the modern world, due to the growing support for feminism in Western countries, the study of anarcha-feminism as one of the most active anarchist movements seems to be useful for understanding the socio-political situation in Europe and the United States. The article examines the position of women in the anarchism ideology upon the development of the anarcha-feminist movement from the 19th century to the present day. Based on the works of the classics of anarcha-feminism (E. Goldman, W. De Claire) and modern research (D. Koval, M. Rachmaninova), the author conducted a comparative retrospective analysis of the relationship between anarchism and feminism within a single socio-political trend. The study revealed that despite the ideological similarity of anarchism and feminism in matters of equality and attitude to power, in classical anarchism women were assigned a rather insignificant, and even deprived, role. The fusion of feminism and anarchism, which came as a response to the unfair position of women in society, led to a change in the status of women in the understanding of anarchists, and also gave impetus to the development of modern anarcha-feminism (La Rivolta!, Eskalera Karakola, Wemoons Army, Radical cheerleading) including more and more men in the movement.</p>anarchismfeminismanarcha-feminismqueer-anarchismecofeminismLGBTанархизмфеминизманархо-феминизмквир-анархизмэкофеминизмЛГБТ[Ashbaugh, C. (1976). Lucy Parsons: American revolutionary. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co.][Bakunin, M., & Dolgoff, S. (Eds.). (1980). Bakunin on anarchism. Montreal: Black Rose Books.][Basson, L. (2012). White enough to be American? Race mixing, indigenous people, and the boundaries of state and nation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.][Bolzendahl, C.I., & Myers, D.J. (2004). Feminist Attitudes and Support for Gender Equality: Opinion Change in Women and Men, 1974–1998. Social Forces, 83(2), 759–789. https://doi.org/ 10.1353/sof.2005.0005][Brekhov, G.S. (2021). Anarchism and COVID-19: Civil cooperation and mutual assistance in a pandemic. Dialogue of Civilizations: East – West: Proceedings of the XXI Scientific Conference of Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists, 434–446. (In Russian).][Broude, N., & Garrard, M. (1992). The Expanding discourse: Feminism and art history. Boulder: Westview Press.][Brown, L. (1993). The politics of individualism: Liberalism, liberal feminism and anarchism. Montreal: Black Rose.][Bykov, I.A. (2008). Cyberspace as a factor of the development of political ideologies. Political Science (RU), 2, 79–98. (In Russian).][Call, L. (2002). Postmodern anarchism. Maryland: Lexington Books.][Casas-Cortés, M. (2021). Precarious writings: Reckoning the absences and reclaiming the legacies in the current poetics. Politics of precarity. Current Anthropology, 62(5), 510–538.][Chernenko, Zh. (2019). “Anarcho-feminism”: the content and origin of the term. Bulletin of the Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno. Series 1. History and Archeology. Philosophy. Political Science, 1, 114–120. (in Ukranian)][Chomsky, N. (2016). Notes on anarchism. Bristol: Active Distribution.][De Cleyre, V. (1917). In defense of Emma Goldman and the right of expropriation. New York: Mother Earth.][De Cleyre, V. (1978). Voltairine De Cleyre, the making of an anarchist. London: Black Bear Publishing.][De Heredia, M.I. (2007). History and actuality of anarcha-feminism: Lessons from Spain. Lilith: A Feminist History Journal, 16, 42–56.][Kowal, D. (2019). Anarcha-feminism. In C. Levy & M. Adams (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism (pp. 265–279). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.][Evans, S. (1989). Born for liberty: A History of women in America. New York: Free Press.][Gerbaudo, P. (2017). The mask and the flag: Populism, citizenism, and global protest. Oxford: Oxford University Press.][Goldman, E. (1910). Anarchism and other essays. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association.][Guglielmo, J. (2010). Transnational feminism’s radical past: Lessons from Italian immigrant women anarchists in industrializing America. Journal of Women’s History, 22(1), 10–33.][Hinely, S. (2012). Charlotte Wilson, the “woman question”, and the meanings of anarchist socialism in late victorian radicalism. International Review of Social History, 57(1), 3–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020859011000757][Keller, E.F., & Longino, H.E. (1996). Feminism and science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.][MacGregor, S. (2021). Making matter great again? Ecofeminism, new materialism and the everyday turn in environmental politics. Environmental Politics, 30(1–2), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700120988639][Marsh, M. (1981). Anarchist women, 1870–1920 (American civilization). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.][Marshall, P. (1992). Demanding the impossible: A history of anarchism. London: HarperCollins.][Matthews, G. (1992). The rise of public woman: Woman’s power and woman’s place in the United States, 1630–1970. New York: Oxford University Press.][Michel, L., Lowry, B., & Ellington, E. (Eds.). (1981). ‘Women’s rights’, The Red Virgin: Memoirs of Louise Michel. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.][Mitchell, S. (2015). Feminism. The Encyclopedia of Victorian Literature, 1, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118405376.wbevl119][Mott, C. (2018). Building relationships within difference: An anarcha-feminist approach to the micropolitics of solidarity. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108(2), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1385378][Nettlau, M. (1996). A short history of anarchism. London: Freedom Press [Nettlau, M. (1951). Essays on the history of anarchist ideas and articles on various issues. Detroit: Trade Union of Detroit. (In Russian)].][Pradas Baena, M.A. (2006). Teresa Claramunt, la “virgen roja” barcelonesa. Barcelona: Virus editorial. (In Spanish).][Proudhon, P., & Cohen, H. (Eds.). (1927). Solution to the social problem. New York: Vanguard Press.][Prügl, E. (2015). Neoliberalising feminism. New Political Economy, 20(4), 614–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2014.951614][Rachmaninova, M.D. (2010). Genealogy and theoretical foundations of modern forms of anarchism: from the 19th to the 21st century (Doctoral dissertation). Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Moscow. (In Russian).][Salleh, A. (1997). Ecofeminism as politics: Nature, Marx and the postmodern (1st ed.). London: Zed Books.][Shannon, D. (2009). Articulating a contemporary anarcha-feminism. Theory in Action, 2(3), 58–74. https://doi.org/10.3798/tia.1937-0237.09013][Springer, S. (2013). Anarchism and geography: A brief genealogy of anarchist geographies. Geography Compass, 7(1), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12022][Tucker, B. (1891). On Picket Duty. Liberty, 11(9). Retrieved January 01, 2022, from http://fair-use.org/liberty/1895/09/07/on-picket-duty][Tuttle, L. (1986). Encyclopedia of feminism. Harlow: Longman.][Walby, S. (2011). The future of feminism. Cambridge: Polity Press.]