The research is devoted to the reconstruction of Polotsk Neoscholasticism as a local philosophical tradition of the late XVIIIth - first third of the XIXth century. Based on an analysis of the academic courses of G. Angiolini and V. Buczyński, polemical literature, and journalism from the Polotsk Jesuit Academy, the authors identify the mechanisms of adaptation of Western European scholasticism in the Eastern European borderlands. It is demonstrated that the openness of the Polotsk historical and cultural space, conditioned by its geographical location, multi-ethnic composition, and developed educational infrastructure facilitated the entrenchment of Aristotelian Thomism and its transformation into a proto-Neoscholastic variant. The study reconstructs four main problem areas developed by Polotsk authors: the logical-epistemological (critique of Kantianism through the apologia of the knowability of the world), the metaphysical (preservation of metaphysics in university curricula through its enrichment with natural-philosophical issues), the socio-political (apologia of the social order of divine origin, critique of social contract theories), and the pedagogical (the concept of integral education as an alternative to secular educational models). It is substantiated that the Polotsk Academy acted as one of the early centers for the formation of Neo-Thomist thought: through the reforms of the Ratio Studiorum, publishing activities, and interregional contacts among Jesuit intellectuals, the ideas of Polotsk authors were integrated into the broader European philosophical context. Special attention is paid to the ideological potential of Polotsk Neoscholasticism, which, in the authors’ view, remains relevant for contemporary humanities scholarship: the concepts of the common good, social service, and integral education can be productively employed in discussions concerning the crisis of the neoliberal educational paradigm and the search for new ethical-anthropological foundations of social order.