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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Cерия: Философия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2302</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8900</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">51233</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2302-2026-30-2-562-575</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">FKHADS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ETHICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Beyond Good and Evil: Understanding the Role of Suffering in Human Existence</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>По ту сторону добра и зла: понимание роли страданий в человеческом существовании</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0755-3532</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Adeoye</surname><given-names>Moses Adeleke</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адеойе</surname><given-names>Мозес Аделеке</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Fellow at the Department of Religious Studies, Faculty of Philosophy and Theology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник кафедры религиоведения, факультет философии и теологии</p></bio><email>princeadelekm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Religions and Denominations</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет религий и конфессий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY AND CONTEMPORARY SITUATION: INTERRUPTION OR REVIVAL WITH NEW INTERPRETATIONS OF AN INTELLECTUAL TRADITION IN THE POST-METAPHYSICAL, POST-MODERN AND POST-TRUTH ERA</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">МУСУЛЬМАНСКАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ: ПРЕРЫВАНИЕ ИЛИ ВОЗРОЖДЕНИЕ С НОВЫМИ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯМИ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ТРАДИЦИИ В ЭПОХУ ПОСТМЕТАФИЗИКИ, ПОСТМОДЕРНА И ПОСТПРАВДЫ</issue-title><fpage>562</fpage><lpage>575</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-10"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Adeoye M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Адеойе М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Adeoye M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Адеойе М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/51233">https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/51233</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The persistent reality of evil and suffering constitutes one of the most enduring philosophical and theological challenges to human understanding, particularly within the context of belief in an all-good and omnipotent God. Throughout intellectual history, suffering has provoked existential anxiety, skepticism toward divine providence, and diverse explanatory frameworks ranging from metaphysical dualism to moral responsibility grounded in human freedom. This study is situated within this long-standing discourse and responds to contemporary confusion arising from attempts to reconcile human suffering with the goodness of God and the meaning of human existence. The purpose of this research is to critically examine the role of suffering in human existence by analyzing philosophical and theological interpretations of evil, with particular emphasis on Christian thought. The study seeks to clarify whether suffering is merely an absurd disruption of human life or an integral dimension of existence that possesses moral and spiritual significance. The research findings indicate that suffering is neither accidental nor meaningless within the framework of human existence. Rather, evil and suffering are shown to be ontologically dependent on the good and largely rooted in human finitude, freedom, and moral failure. The study demonstrates that God does not directly cause evil but permits it to achieve greater goods, including moral growth, spiritual maturity, and authentic freedom. Human attempts to deny or evade suffering are revealed to deepen existential disorientation rather than resolve it. This research contributes to philosophical and theological scholarship by offering a coherent synthesis of classical and contemporary perspectives on evil and suffering. It advances the argument that, when rightly understood, suffering plays a formative role in human development and faith, thereby challenging reductive interpretations that portray it solely as punishment or divine absence.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Непреходящая реальность зла и страданий представляет собой один из наиболее устойчивых философских и теологических вызовов человеческому пониманию, особенно в контексте веры во всеблагого и всемогущего Бога. На протяжении всей интеллектуальной истории страдание вызывало экзистенциальную тревогу, скептицизм по отношению к божественному провидению и разнообразные объяснительные рамки, от метафизического дуализма до моральной ответственности, основанной на человеческой свободе. Исследование вписывается в этот давний дискурс и отвечает на современную путаницу, возникающую в результате попыток примирить человеческие страдания с благостью Бога и смыслом человеческого существования. Цель работы - критически изучить роль страданий в человеческом существовании путем анализа философских и теологических интерпретаций зла, с особым акцентом на христианскую мысль. Исследование направлено на выяснение того, является ли страдание всего лишь абсурдным нарушением человеческой жизни или неотъемлемой частью существования, обладающей моральным и духовным значением. Результаты исследования показывают, что страдание не является ни случайным, ни бессмысленным в рамках человеческого существования. Скорее, зло и страдание онтологически зависят от добра и в значительной степени коренятся в человеческой конечности, свободе и моральной несостоятельности. Исследование демонстрирует, что Бог не является непосредственной причиной зла, но допускает его для реализации более высоких благ, включая моральный рост, духовную зрелость и подлинную свободу. Попытки человека отрицать или избегать страдания, как выяснилось, углубляют экзистенциальную дезориентацию, а не разрешают ее. Эта работа вносит вклад в философскую и теологическую науку, предлагая последовательный синтез классических и современных взглядов на зло и страдание. Исследование выдвигает аргумент о том, что страдание, при правильном понимании, играет формирующую роль в развитии человека и вере, тем самым бросая вызов редукционистским интерпретациям, которые изображают страдание исключительно как наказание или божественное отсутствие.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Theodicy</kwd><kwd>Free Will</kwd><kwd>Moral Responsibility</kwd><kwd>Divine Providence</kwd><kwd>Christian Theology</kwd><kwd>Metaphysics of Pain</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теодицея</kwd><kwd>свобода воли</kwd><kwd>моральная ответственность</kwd><kwd>божественное провидение</kwd><kwd>христианская теология</kwd><kwd>метафизика боли</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Aquinas T. 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