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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Cерия: Философия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2302</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8900</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49378</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2302-2026-30-1-308-320</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QMBNKV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ONTOLOGY AND EPISTEMOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОНТОЛОГИЯ И ТЕОРИЯ ПОЗНАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Background Knowledge: Does it Exist?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фоновое знание: существует ли оно?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0033-5906</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4958-6163</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stoliarova</surname><given-names>Olga E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Столярова</surname><given-names>Ольга Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc in Philosophy, Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философских наук, научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>olgastoliarova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Inter-Regional Non-Government Organization “Russian Society of History and Philosophy of Science”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Межрегиональная общественная организация «Русское общество истории и философии науки»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">STUDYING OF RUSSIAN, SOVIET AND CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY IN CHINA</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ИЗУЧЕНИЕ РУССКОЙ, СОВЕТСКОЙ И РОССИЙСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ В КИТАЕ</issue-title><fpage>308</fpage><lpage>320</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Stoliarova O.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Столярова О.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Stoliarova O.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Столярова О.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/49378">https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/49378</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Philosophy, traditionally focused on rational thinking, encounters a paradox when analyzing background knowledge - unarticulated, implicit cognitive experience that governs explicit knowledge. The article explores how philosophy, as a second-order reflection, approaches a phenomenon that by definition remains beyond conscious awareness. It briefly examines classical concepts of knowledge (positivism, analytic philosophy) and their crisis in the 20th century, which led to an inclusive redefinition of the notion of knowledge. The focus is on Michael Polanyi’s theory of tacit knowledge, divided into practical (“know-how”) and conceptual dimensions. The study demonstrates that background knowledge serves as a key explanatory resource in the social sciences and humanities, replacing natural science’s causal models with genetic retrospections. However, its ontological status remains problematic: being non-reflective, it retains the features of a “round square” - existing as a cause of explicit knowledge while denying its own cognizability. The author reveals contradictions between the non-alternative nature of background knowledge and the necessity of its critical evaluation. Through the lens of the metaphysics of grounding, background knowledge is interpreted as a historically conditioned foundation of cognitive experience, whose compelling force is revealed only retrospectively. The article proposes an approach linking epistemology with historical ontology, where background knowledge exists as “past-in-the-present,” mediated by collective reflection. This approach responds to philosophy’s aspiration to overcome the gap between rational critique and the unarticulated foundations of knowledge.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Философия, традиционно ориентированная на рациональное мышление, сталкивается с парадоксом при анализе фонового знания - неартикулированного, имплицитного когнитивного опыта, управляющего явным знанием. Исследуется, как философия, будучи рефлексией второго порядка, подходит к феномену, который по определению остается за пределами осознания. Кратко анализируются классические концепции знания (позитивизм, аналитическая философия) и их кризис в XX в., который привел к расширению понятия знания. Акцент делается на теории Майкла Поланьи о неявном знании, которое разделяется на практическое («знание-как») и концептуальное. Показано, что фоновое знание выступает ключевым объяснительным ресурсом в социогуманитарных науках, заменяя каузальные модели естествознания генетическими ретроспекциями. Однако его онтологический статус проблематичен: будучи нерефлексируемым, оно сохраняет черты «круглого квадрата» - существует как причина явного знания, но отрицает собственную познаваемость. Автор выявляет противоречия между безальтернативностью фонового знания и необходимостью его критической оценки. Через призму метафизики обоснования (grounding) фоновое знание интерпретируется как исторически обусловленный фундамент когнитивного опыта, чья принудительная сила раскрывается лишь ретроспективно. Предложен подход, связывающий эпистемологию с исторической онтологией, где фоновое знание существует как «прошлое-в-настоящем», опосредованное коллективной рефлексией. Этот подход отвечает стремлению философии преодолеть разрыв между рациональной критикой и неартикулируемыми основаниями знания.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tacit knowledge</kwd><kwd>epistemology</kwd><kwd>ontology</kwd><kwd>Michael Polanyi</kwd><kwd>metaphysics of grounding</kwd><kwd>historical reflection</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неявное знание</kwd><kwd>эпистемология</kwd><kwd>Майкл Поланьи</kwd><kwd>онтология</kwd><kwd>метафизика обоснования</kwd><kwd>историческая рефлексия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского Научного Фонда, проект № 25-28-00120 «Фоновое знание как эпистемологическая проблема»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The research was supported by Russian Science Foundation, project N 25-28-00120 “Background Knowledge as an Epistemological Problem”</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Polanyi M. 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