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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Cерия: Философия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2302</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8900</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">42159</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2302-2024-28-4-1106-1121</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KDMPCZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY OF RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ РУССКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Leo Tolstoy’s Principle of Non-Resistance to Evil by Violence and Its Criticism in Ivan Ilyin’s Philosophy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Принцип непротивления злу насилием Льва Толстого и его критика в философии Ивана Ильина</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7209-2616</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Evlampiev</surname><given-names>Igor I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евлампиев</surname><given-names>Игорь Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc in Philosophy, Professor, Department of Russian Philosophy and Culture, Institute of Philosophy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философских наук, профессор, кафедра русской философии и культуры, Институт философии</p></bio><email>yevlampiev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-8494</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yue</surname><given-names>Wang</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юе</surname><given-names>Ван</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate Professor, School of Foreign Languages</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>PhD, доцент, Институт иностранных языков</p></bio><email>yp20092011@163.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Beihang University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бэйханский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ</issue-title><fpage>1106</fpage><lpage>1121</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-25"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Evlampiev I.I., Yue W.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Евлампиев И.И., Юе В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Evlampiev I.I., Yue W.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Евлампиев И.И., Юе В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/42159">https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/42159</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>At the outset, Leo Tolstoy viewed the principle of non-resistance to evil by violence as a purely moral commandment, which was obligatory for everyone to observe and lead humanity to perfection. In his later teaching, though, he emphasized the need for people to transition from a lower ‘animalistic’ form of life towards the divine form; his principle of non-resistance to evil by violence could only apply to those who managed such a transition. According to Tolstoy, the divine life means an unmediated spiritual unity of people, enabling them to influence one another directly without any material sources. People who have gained divine life have a more complex and deeper understanding of being. They see the consequences of their actions not only in the short term but also in the future so they can more correctly assess them. Tolstoy argues that in this case, each person sees that evil deeds (even those committed for a good purpose) lead only to a general negative result, while good deeds lead to a positive one. Ivan Ilyin’s philosophy states that people’s souls are entirely isolated from each other and enclosed in bodies; therefore, purely spiritual stimulation techniques are ineffective. The soul of a villain can be disciplined only through her body with some material sources applied. The research proves that Tolstoy and Ilyin quite correctly develop their systems of ideas based on different metaphysical concepts of man, equally originating from Gnostic Christianity. Tolstoy takes a strictly monistic religious position of the absolute priority of the spiritual principle; Ilyin shares a dualistic metaphysics in which spirit and matter are equal in their value. Both Russian thinkers turn out to be right within the frames of their initial metaphysical assumptions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В исследовании показано, что Лев Толстой первоначально понимал принцип непротивления злу насилием как чисто моральную заповедь, обязательную для всех людей и ведущую человечество к совершенству. Но затем в своем учении он сделал акцент на необходимости для каждого человека преобразить свою жизнь из низшей, «животной» формы в божественную форму, и только для людей, осуществивших такое преображение, признал применимым принцип непротивления. Согласно Толстому, божественная жизнь означат непосредственное духовное единство людей, благодаря чему они имеют возможность прямого духовного влияния друг на друга без материальных средств. Люди, обретшие божественную жизнь, обладают более сложным и глубоким пониманием бытия. Они видят последствия своих поступков не только в ближайшей временной перспективе, но и во всем будущем времени, поэтому они могут более правильно оценивать последствия своих поступков. Толстой утверждает, что в этом случае каждый человек видит, что злые поступки (даже совершенные ради благой цели) ведут только к общему негативному результату, а добрые - к позитивному. Иван Ильин в своей философии утверждал, что души людей полностью обособленны друг от друга и замкнуты в тела, поэтому чисто духовные методы воздействия на других бесполезны, воздействовать на душу злодея можно только через его тело с помощью материальных средств. В работе доказывается, что Толстой и Ильин достаточно правильно развивают свои системы идей, исходя из разных метафизических концепций человека, в равной степени происходящих из гностического христианства. Толстой занимает строго монистичную религиозную позицию абсолютного приоритета духовного начала; Ильин разделяет дуалистическую метафизику, в которой дух и материя оказываются равными по своему значению. Оба русских мыслителя оказываются правы в рамках выбранных ими исходных метафизических предположений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>resistance to evil by force</kwd><kwd>divine life</kwd><kwd>Gnostic Christianity</kwd><kwd>Kabbalah</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>непротивление злу насилием</kwd><kwd>сопротивление злу силою</kwd><kwd>божественная жизнь</kwd><kwd>гностическое христианство</kwd><kwd>каббала</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was funded by Russian Science Foundation, project number 24-18-00479, https://rscf.ru/project/24-18-00479, Saint Petersburg State University.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-18-00479, https://rscf.ru/project/24-18-00479, Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berdyaev NA. 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