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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Cерия: Философия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2302</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8900</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">32114</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2302-2022-26-3-672-686</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЛОСОФИЯ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Karl Popper and the Problem of Essentialism in Philosophy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>К. Поппер и проблема эссенциализма в философии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6909-8902</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonov</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонов</surname><given-names>Алексей В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Sciences in Philosophy, Associate Professor, Perm National Research Polytechnic University; Doctoral Student, Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат философских наук, доцент, Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет; докторант кафедры социальной философии, Российский университет дружбы народов</p></bio><email>akvizit@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Perm National Research Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Рeoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHY OF FRANZ ROSENZWEIG</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">РЕЛИГИОЗНАЯ ФИЛОСОФИЯ ФРАНЦА РОЗЕНЦВЕЙГА</issue-title><fpage>672</fpage><lpage>686</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Antonov A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Антонов А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Antonov A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Антонов А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/32114">https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/32114</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">In modern philosophy, essentialism is in most cases regarded as an outdated and, in fact, incorrect philosophical trend. And one of the scientists who created such a reputation of essentialism was the famous English philosopher of Austrian origin Karl Popper. The success of his book “The Open Society and its Enemies” led to the fact that in the West essentialism began to be considered not only cognitively untenable, but also suspicious as the theoretical basis of fascism, communism and totalitarianism. In the article, K. Popper’s arguments against essentialism are reviewed all over again, and it is shown that K. Popper’s criticism of essentialism as an anti-scientific and outdated doctrine is not the point of view of the philosophy as a whole, but it is just the position of empirical positivism. Essentialism deals with the reality that lies on the other side of phenomena. And this, according to K. Popper, necessarily leads to “ultimate” definitions. However, in accordance with the doctrine of falsification by K. Popper himself, every scientific conclusion within its expiration date is “ultimate”. The article shows that in reality essentialism did not only play an extraordinary role in the classical metaphysical theory of knowledge, but also continues to do so within the framework of modern ontology. Moreover, in the latter case, he does it with the help of abduction which is a specific form of logical inference generating scientific hypotheses. The existence of abduction in science, which generates new knowledge, suggests that essentialism is not something, at best, tolerable and excusable. This is the main way to development of sciences in general. In all cases, the author of the article considers only logical entities, but not legal, theological or any other.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">В современной философии эссенциализм в большинстве случаев рассматривается как отсталое и, по сути, неверное философское направление. И одним из ученых, создавших ему такую репутацию был известный английский философ австрийского происхождения Карл Поппер. Успех его книги «Открытое общество и его враги» привел к тому, что, фактически, эссенциализм не только стал считаться на Западе несостоятельным когнитивно, но и подозрительным как теоретическая основа фашизма, коммунизма и тоталитаризма. В статье доводы К. Поппера против эссенциализма рассмотрены заново, и показано, что критика К. Поппером эссенциализма как антинаучной и устаревшей доктрины - это не точка зрения всей философии, а всего лишь позиция эмпирического в своей основе позитивизма. Эссенциализм имеет дело с реальностью, которая лежит по ту сторону явлений. И это, по мнению К. Поппера, необходимо ведет к «окончательным» определениям. Однако в соответствии с учением о фальсификации самого К. Поппера, всякий научный вывод в пределах своего срока годности является «окончательным». В статье показано, что в действительности эссенциализм не только играл чрезвычайную роль в классической метафизической теории познания, но и продолжает это делать в рамках современной онтологии. Причем в последнем случае он делает это с помощью абдукции - специфической формы логического вывода, порождающей научные гипотезы. Существование же в науке абдукции, порождающей новое знание, говорит о том, что эссенциализм - это не нечто, в лучшем случае, терпимое и извинительное. Это - магистральный путь развития наук вообще. Во всех случаях автор статьи рассматривает только логические сущности, а не юридические, теологические или какие бы то ни было еще.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>K. Popper</kwd><kwd>essentialism</kwd><kwd>metaphysics</kwd><kwd>ontology</kwd><kwd>cognition</kwd><kwd>abduction</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>К. 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