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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Philosophy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Cерия: Философия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-2302</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2408-8900</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">25004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-2302-2020-24-4-544-569</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY OF INDIAN AND CHINESE PHILOSOPHY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ ФИЛОСОФИИ ИНДИИ И КИТАЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Milindapañha in the Context of History of Indian Civilization</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>«Вопросы Милинды» в контексте истории индийской цивилизации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Schumann</surname><given-names>Andrew N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуман</surname><given-names>Андрей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (philosophy), docent; head of the department of cognitive science and mathematical modelling</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат философских наук, доцент; заведующий кафедрой когнитивистики и математического моделирования</p></bio><email>andrei.shumann@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет информационных технологий и менеджмента в Жешуве</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">HISTORY OF INDIAN AND CHINESE PHILOSOPHY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ИСТОРИЯ ФИЛОСОФИИ ИНДИИ И КИТАЯ</issue-title><fpage>544</fpage><lpage>569</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-11-22"><day>22</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Schumann A.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Шуман А.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Schumann A.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шуман А.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/25004">https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/view/25004</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper restores the historical context of Milindapañha . The text is unique, because it is one of the very few documents of Ancient India, in which one of the authors is considered a Greek ( yavana ) as a participant in the dialog. To reconstruct the context of the book, the basic archeological data about the Indo-Greek Kingdom, including epigraphics, are summed up, as well as there are analyzed some references to the kingdom given in the Mahāvaṃsa , the earliest chronicle of Sri Lanka. These mentions in the Mahāvaṃsa are matched with the numismatics of Ceylon. From this analysis it is concluded that the document of Milindapañha was most likely created in Gāndhārī in the interval from the beginning of the 1st century B.C. to the end of the 1st century A.D., i.e. during the period of the domination of the syncretic culture of the North of India, combining Buddhism with certain elements of Hellenism. The treatise of Milindapañha was then preserved in Sri Lanka's tradition by continuing good political contacts with the Roman Empire after 400 A.D., that is, after the collapse of the Kushan and the Western Kshatrapas, the last dynasties that had previously preserved elements of Hellenism in the Indian subcontinent. The philosophical meaning of the treatise is then considered and it is concluded that in the text we can find direct references to the proto-Nyāya with the requirement to verify premises by examples. But the logical teaching of Milindapañha is far more archaic than the teaching of Nyāyasūtra , because only two sources ( pramāṇa ) of true knowledge are implicitly used: paccakkha (“obvious”) and anumāna (“inference”), and instead of the two verification methods called udāhārana and upamā , only one verification method called opamma is offered.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В данной статье восстанавливается исторический контекст «Вопросов Милинды». Текст уникален тем, что принадлежит к числу очень немногих документов Древней Индии, в которых один из авторов считается греком ( yavana ) как участник диалога. Для восстановления контекста книги суммируются базовые археологические данные об индо-греческом царстве, включая эпиграфику, а также упоминания об этом царстве в «Махавамсе» - самой ранней хроники Шри-Ланки. Упоминания в «Махавамсе» сопоставляются с нумизматикой Цейлона. Из этого анализа делается вывод, что документ, скорее всего, был создан на гандхари в интервале: начало I в. до н.э. - конец I в. н.э., т.е. в период господства синкретичной культуры Севера Индии, совмещающей буддизм с отдельными элементами эллинизма. Затем трактат был сохранен в традиции Шри Ланки благодаря продолжению хороших политических контактов с Римской империей после 400 г. н.э., т.е. после гибели кушан и западных кшатрапов - последних династий, сохранявших до этого отдельные элементы эллинизма на Индийском субконтиненте. Затем рассматривается философское значение трактата и делается вывод, что в тексте мы можем обнаружить прямые ссылки на прото-ньяю с требованием обязательной верификации посылок через примеры. Однако логическое учение «Вопросов Милинды» намного более архаично, чем учение «Ньяя Сутры», поскольку неявно используется только два источника ( pramāṇa ) подлинного знания: paccakkha («очевидность») и anumāna («вывод»), а вместо двух способы проверки, называемых udāhārana и upamā , предлагается только один способ проверки, называемый opamma .</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>logic</kwd><kwd>nyāya</kwd><kwd>Menander I</kwd><kwd>Gandhāra</kwd><kwd>Greco-Buddhism</kwd><kwd>Hellenism</kwd><kwd>Buddhism</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>логика</kwd><kwd>ньяя</kwd><kwd>Менандр I</kwd><kwd>Гандхара</kwd><kwd>греко-буддизм</kwd><kwd>эллинизм</kwd><kwd>буддизм</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Trenckner V. (Ed.). The Milindapanho, being Dialogues between King Milinda and the Buddhist Sage Nagasena. 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