Построение и анализ устойчивости недетерминированныхмногомерных моделей динамики популяций

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1. Introduction The stability research of the models of the population dynamics is an important problem. Some directions of the solution of the specified problem are presented in the works [1-7]. The questions of existence and stability of the solutions of the models described by the differential equations of various types were considered in [8-12] and in other works. Lyapunov functions method is one of the widely used methods of the stability research [10, 11]. The stability of the solutions of classical and generalized models of the population dynamics by Lyapunov function method was considered in [1]. The systemic approach is described in [2, 6-9] which allows us to consider properties of stability of the models described by the differential equations of various types from the unified point of view. The specified approach is based on the transition from the deterministic description of the model to stochastic description and on the principle of reduction of the stability problem of solutions of differential inclusion to the stability problem of other types of the equations. The approach allows us to study the stability properties of solutions of differential inclusions, the fuzzy and stochastic differential equations from the unified point of view. In this work we consider a nonlinear multidimensional model of the dynamics of the populations interaction. The determined description of model is given by system of the ordinary nonlinear differential equations. The transition from the specified model to the corresponding nondeterministic models given by means of finite-dimensional differential inclusions, the fuzzy and stochastic differential equations is performed. The stability analysis is performed on the basis of the reduction principle in this work. It is known [5, 13-15] that in the deterministic description of the model the probabilistic factors affecting the behavior of the model are not taken into account. In this connection, an important problem is construction and study of adequate stochastic models, as well as a comparative analysis of the properties of deterministic and corresponding stochastic models. The technique of design of the self-consistent stochastic models [14] allows us to take into account stochastics in the structure of the model without adding additive stochastic terms. In this work the structure of the multidimensional stochastic Lotka- Volterra models is described, and the transition to the corresponding Fokker-Planck vector equations is carried out by means of the system state operators and the system state change operator. The rules for the transition to the multidimensional stochastic differential equation in the Langevin form are formulated. It is shown that the used approach to construct multidimensional stochastic models can find application in problems of comparing the qualitative properties of the generalized Lotka-Volterra models. 2. Deterministic Models We consider the model described by the system of differential equations of the form [1, 3]: where is density of -th population in moment and are growth coefficients of -th population in the absence of others, constants at ̸= characterize the influence of interaction between populations on the rate of growth, is interaction matrix. The model (1) is the classical Lotka-Volterra model for the -dimensional case. This model describes the dynamics of the biological community under the following conditions: 1) the relative growth rate of each population does not depend on the intrapopulation structure; 2) this rate depends linearly on the number of populations in the community. These conditions, characteristic of the Lotka-Volterra equation, represent a simplified hypothesis about the nature of the interactions between populations in the community. This hypothesis, known as the principle of pair interactions, suggests the additivity of each population contribution to the relative growth rate, which is reasonably well founded biologically. However, the linear nature of this contribution is much worse in the processes occurring in biological communities, and can be taken into account in approximating the equilibrium state in some neighborhood [1]. In this connection, the study of the model (1) can be considered as an important stage preceding the study of the models that are generalizations of the model (1). A generalization of the model (1) is a model of the following form: The stability conditions for solutions of the model (1), (2) on the basis of the Lyapunov functions method are obtained in [1]. The stability conditions on the basis of the divergent method are obtained in [3] for indicated models. The transition is possible from the deterministic model (1), (2) to different types of the corresponding nondeterministic models. 3. Design of Nondeterministic -dimensional Lotka-Volterra Models and Stability Analysis Based on the Reduction Principle The nonlinear model (1) is presented in the form of the vector equation where - -fold Cartesian product of the set + on itself, For the model (3) the coefficients and , , = 1, can take different values from the corresponding intervals [ 1, 2] and [ 1, 2] taking into account the ecological meaning accordingly. The transition from the model (3) to the finitedimensional differential inclusion is the following The model (4) in the vector form is presented as follows: where The introduced sets and define the sets of values of the corresponding parameters and . Subsets represent the narrower sets that we obtain when we take into account the additional conditions ∈ (0, ], that affect the interaction of the components and, consequently, the stability of the model (3). Then equation (3) can be replaced by a fuzzy finite-dimensional differential equation where : is the set of all fuzzy subsets of + . The differential inclusion corresponding to the equation (6) has the form ˙ ∈ (), where ∈ (0, 1], The following stability conditions of the differential inclusion (5) and the fuzzy equation (6) we formulate by means of the principle of reduction [7, 8] and by means of the transition from model (1) to models (5) and (6): 1) if there is a Lyapunov function for the closed set ⊂ + regarding the inclusion (5), such that the inequality is satisfied, where () is upper derivative of Lyapunov function, set (, ) is neighborhood of the set , then the set is stable in small regarding this inclusion; 2) if the inequality is satisfied, where function : is the continuous and positive function in then the set is asymptotically stable in small regarding the inclusion (5); 3) if there is a Lyapunov function regarding the equation (6) for the closed set where ( + ) is the set of all fuzzy subsets of + , such that the inequality is satisfied then the set -stable regarding this equation; 4) if the inequality is satisfied, where : the continuous and positive function, then the set is asymptotically stable regarding the equation (6). In this work we consider the generalization of the model (3) to the stochastic case, namely, the transition is carried out from the equation (3) to the corresponding stochastic differential equation where () is the stochastic function. By means of the principle of reduction we formulate the stability conditions of the fuzzy equation (6) and the stochastic equations (7). It is shown that if the trivial solution of a fuzzy equation (6) is -stable (asymptotically -stable) for every ∈ (0, 1], then the trivial solution of the corresponding stochastic equation (7) is stable on probability (asymptotically stable on probability). In addition, the conditions of almost surely stability and stability on average we give by the aid of the principle of reduction. The comparative analysis of the qualitative properties of the deterministic and stochastic models is given on the basis of the obtained sufficient stability conditions. System (2) is represented as a nonlinear vector equation We consider the transition from this vector equation to the nondeterministic models described by differential inclusion, fuzzy and stochastic differential equations. This transition is similar to the transition from the vector equation (3) to the models (5)-(7). The stability conditions of the indicated differential inclusion, fuzzy differential equation and stochastic differential equation are obtained using the reduction principle. 4. Design of the Self-Consistent -dimensional Lotka-Volterra Stochastic Models The synthesis of some models of population dynamics on the basis of the method of construction of self-consistent stochastic models [14] is implemented in [5, 6]. According to the main idea of the method it is possible for the system under consideration to describe the scheme of interaction in the form of symbolic representation of all possible interaction between the system elements. The operators of the system state and the operator of change of the system state are used for this purpose. Then we give the intensities of transitions and master equation, for which we can obtain an approximate Fokker-Planck equation by the aids of formal series expansion. It is not difficult to transit from the Fokker-Planck equation to the equivalent stochastic differential equation in Langevin form: where () ∈ is the vector of the system state, (, ()) is the vector of demolition, (, ()) is the diffusion matrix. In addition, in equation (8) ∈ is the standard -dimensional Wiener process. In practice, the stochastic differential equation can be written immediately after the representation of the interaction scheme. It is connected with the fact that for the obtained coefficients of the Fokker-Planck equation it is necessary to know only the intensities of transitions and operators of state changes. We present the scheme of interaction elements for the system (1) in the form: where , = 1, . . . , . Thus, the scheme (9) describes the system of species in which individuals can interact ( + 1) various ways. The first row of the scheme of interaction corresponds to natural reproduction -th species in the absence of other factors. The second row corresponds to intraspecific competition at = , corresponds to interspecific competition at ̸= . The operator of state change is presented in the form: The state of the system can be described by means of vector = ( 1 , . . . , ). The following relations are given for intensities of transitions from the state to the state + in the unit of the time: Let us present Fokker-Planck equation corresponding to the model in the form: We have the following relations for the coefficients of stochastic equation (8) and coefficients of Fokker-Planck equation: The obtaining of analytical solution for the constructed self-consistent stochastic Lotka-Volterra model is difficult, however, for special cases of the general -dimensional model, it is possible to conduct a numerical experiment using the developed software package for the solution systems of stochastic differential equations [16, 17]. In the future, it is planned to conduct a numerical analysis to obtain numerical solutions for the obtained models, as well as to reveal the influence of stochastics on the behavior of the system. The investigation of the obtained stochastic differential equation in Langevin form allows us to study the influence of stochastics on the behavior of the considered system. This approach to the construction and analysis of nonlinear models can serve to the solving of problems aimed at the comparative analysis of deterministic and stochastic models. Note that the technique of design of the self-consistent stochastic models can be applied to the system (2), but for this it is necessary to specify the form of the functions ( ) taking into account the physical sense. In the problems of constructing of selfconsistent stochastic models that generalize models (1) and (2), the consideration of two-dimensional, three-dimensional and four-dimensional models is of prime interest, and it becomes necessary to compare stability properties in deterministic and stochastic cases. 5. Conclusions The principle of reduction allowed us to obtain the conditions of stability of the multidimensional model of the population dynamics with the transition to the differential inclusion, fuzzy and stochastic differential equations. The specified transition takes into account the changing parameters of the model and allows us to perform a comparative analysis of the properties of the models based on the principle of reduction. The stability conditions can be used to study the population dynamics models. The application of selfconsistent stochastic models construction method for Lotka-Volterra multidimensional systems allows us to estimate the impact of the introduction of stochastics onto the behavior of these systems.The obtained results are aimed at further development of methods of design and stability analysis of stochastic models.

Об авторах

А В Демидова

Российский университет дружбы народов

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: demidova_av@rudn.university
ул. Миклухо-Маклая, д. 6, Москва, Россия, 117198

О В Дружинина

Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» РАН; Институт проблем управления им. В. А. Трапезникова РАН

Email: ovdruzh@mail.ru
ул. Вавилова, д. 40, Москва, Россия, 119333; ул. Профсоюзная, д. 65, Москва, Россия, 117997

О Н Масина

Елецкий государственный университет им. И. А. Бунина

Email: olga121@inbox.ru
ул. Коммунаров, д. 28, г. Елец, Россия, 399770

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