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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Discrete and Continuous Models and Applied Computational Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Discrete and Continuous Models and Applied Computational Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Discrete and Continuous Models and Applied Computational Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2658-4670</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-7149</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52931</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2658-4670-2026-34-3-408-429</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QXTTKT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Modeling and Simulation</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Математическое моделирование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Heat-conduction simulation of a wing-like thulium foil for an ion source</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Моделирование теплопроводности в тулиевой фольге крыловидной формы для источника ионов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5464-4392</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ayriyan</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айриян</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Head of the Nonlinear Systems Modeling Methods Sector, Scientific Department of Computational Physics, Meshcheryakov Laboratory of Information Technologies (MLIT), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR); Research Scientist at the Division of Computational Physics and Information Technologies, A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan)</p></bio><email>ayriyan@jinr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6478-4041</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ayryan</surname><given-names>Edik A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айрян</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Assistant to the Director of the Meshcheryakov Laboratory of Information Technologies (MLIT), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR)</p></bio><email>ayrjan@jinr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Donets</surname><given-names>Eugeny E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Донец</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Head of the Electron Beam Ion Source Sector, Scientific and Experimental Department of Injection and the Nuclotron Ring, Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energy Physics (VBLHEP), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR)</bio><email>edonets@jinr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6421-4716</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Veneva</surname><given-names>Milena P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Венева</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student Trainee at the RIKEN Center for Computational Science</p></bio><email>milena.p.veneva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Объединённый институт ядерных исследований</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (YerPhI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальная научная лаборатория им. А. Алиханяна</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RIKEN Center for Computational Science</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр вычислительных наук RIKEN</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 34, NO3 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 34, №3 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>408</fpage><lpage>429</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-19"><day>19</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Ayriyan A.S., Ayryan E.A., Donets E.E., Veneva M.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Айриян А.С., Айрян Э.А., Донец Е.Е., Венева М.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ayriyan A.S., Ayryan E.A., Donets E.E., Veneva M.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Айриян А.С., Айрян Э.А., Донец Е.Е., Венева М.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/miph/article/view/52931">https://journals.rudn.ru/miph/article/view/52931</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Metal foils heated by an electric current are commonly used as evaporation elements in ion sources. Because the evaporation rate is highly sensitive to temperature, predicting the temperature distribution accurately and efficiently is essential for choosing the foil geometry and operating conditions. Purpose. This study develops a two-dimensional electric-thermal model of a wing-shaped thulium foil and evaluates numerical strategies for repeated simulations. Methods. Owing to symmetry, only one quarter of the foil is included in the computational domain. The current paths are determined by solving a Laplace problem with constant electrical conductivity. The resulting field is then scaled to the prescribed total current and used to calculate the spatially varying Joule heat source. The transient heat equation accounts for the temperature dependence of density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and electrical resistivity, as well as radiative and evaporative heat losses from both faces of the foil. The equation is discretized on a masked Cartesian grid and integrated using an alternating-direction implicit scheme, with Picard iterations applied at each half-step. Results. At a current of 2.5 A and a contact temperature of 78 K, the stationary maximum temperature is 829.803 K. All tested tridiagonal solvers produce the same converged temperature field. The fastest partition solver, combined with a CUDA task graph, completes the simulation in 36.3 s, giving a 24.1-fold speedup over the serial central-processing-unit implementation. Conclusions. The model accounts for nonuniform electric heating and nonlinear heat losses in the foil. Its graphics-processing-unit implementation is sufficiently efficient for repeated optimization of the foil geometry and operating current.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Металлическая фольга, нагреваемая электрическим током, широко применяется в качестве испарительных элементов источников ионов. Поскольку скорость испарения сильно зависит от температуры, точное и эффективное определение распределения температуры необходимо для выбора геометрии фольги и рабочих условий. Цель. Разработать двумерную электротепловую модель тулиевой фольги крыловидной формы и оценить численные методы для многократного проведения расчётов. Методы. Благодаря симметрии в расчётную область включается только одна четверть фольги. Траектории электрического тока определяются посредством решения задачи Лапласа при постоянной электропроводности. Полученное поле нормируется на заданный полный ток и используется для вычисления пространственно-неоднородного источника джоулева тепла. Нестационарное уравнение теплопроводности учитывает температурные зависимости плотности, теплоёмкости, теплопроводности и удельного электрического сопротивления, а также радиационные и испарительные тепловые потери с обеих поверхностей фольги. Уравнение дискретизируется на декартовой сетке с маской расчётной области и интегрируется методом переменных направлений; на каждом полушаге применяется метод простых итераций. Результаты. При токе 2,5 A и температуре контактов 78 K максимальная температура в стационарном состоянии составляет 829,803 K. Все исследованные методы решения трёхдиагональных систем дают одно и то же температурное поле после достижения сходимости. Самый быстрый метод разбиения в сочетании с графом задач CUDA выполняет расчёт за 36,3 s, обеспечивая ускорение в 24,1 раза по сравнению с последовательной реализацией на центральном процессоре. Заключение. Разработанная модель учитывает неоднородный электрический нагрев и нелинейные тепловые потери в фольге. Реализация на графическом процессоре обладает достаточной производительностью для проведения многократных расчётов при оптимизации геометрии фольги и рабочего тока.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nonlinear heat conduction</kwd><kwd>Joule heating</kwd><kwd>alternating-direction implicit method</kwd><kwd>tridiagonal solver</kwd><kwd>partition methods</kwd><kwd>CUDA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нелинейная теплопроводность</kwd><kwd>джоулев нагрев</kwd><kwd>метод переменных направлений</kwd><kwd>метод прогонки</kwd><kwd>метод разбиения</kwd><kwd>CUDA</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>D. E. Donets, E. D. Donets, E. E. Donets, V. V. Salnikov, and V. B. Shutov, “Production of highly charged ion beams Kr32+, Xe44+, Au54+ with Electron String Ion Source (ESIS) Krion-2 and corresponding basic and applied studies,” JINST, vol. 5, p. C09001, 2010. 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