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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Discrete and Continuous Models and Applied Computational Science</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Discrete and Continuous Models and Applied Computational Science</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Discrete and Continuous Models and Applied Computational Science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2658-4670</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-7149</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49990</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2658-4670-2026-34-1-55-69</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UNFRNH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Modeling and Simulation</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Математическое моделирование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Simulation of the evacuation of passengers and crew from aircraft during a fire on the ground</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Моделирование эвакуации пассажиров и экипажа из воздушных судов при пожаре на земле</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9046-3225</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">KLZ-4503-2024</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baklashov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баклашов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student of V.A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of RAS; Junior Researcher of Laboratory of Technical Diagnostics and Fault Tolerance, V. A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><email>baklashov2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0007-3969</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57189024654</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">F-2611-2017</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filimonyuk</surname><given-names>Leonid Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филимонюк</surname><given-names>Л. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Technical Sciences, Leading Researcher of of Laboratory of Technical Diagnostics and Fault Tolerance</p></bio><email>filimonyukleonid@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V. A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт проблем управления им. В. А. Трапезникова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Vol 34, No 1 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 34, № 1 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>55</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-29"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Baklashov A.S., Filimonyuk L.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Баклашов А.С., Филимонюк Л.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Baklashov A.S., Filimonyuk L.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Баклашов А.С., Филимонюк Л.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/miph/article/view/49990">https://journals.rudn.ru/miph/article/view/49990</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Currently, incidents, including fires on board of aircrafts during takeoff and landing, are becoming more frequent. To address this issue, we introduce new models of fire propagation dynamics and the evacuation process for aircraft passengers, accounting for their physical interactions, along with an integrated model combining such processes as the spread of fire, smoke, and temperature. Nowadays aviation incidents involving onboard fires occur regularly, often resulting in traumas among passengers, as well as material damage. Purpose. The main purpose of this study is to create integrated models that enable analysis of aircraft evacuation under various fire hazard scenarios. Much attention is given to using these models to analyze the process of leaving the aircraft, taking into account various scenarios of the spread of damaging fire factors, which will allow us to develop an optimal sequence of actions for each particular situation. Method. It uses mathematical apparatus of the multi-dimensional cellular automata to describe fire spread, dividing the aircraft into cubic cells with 4 states: burning, burned, consisting of combustible, and non-combustible materials. Calculation of the probabilities of combustion is based on the influence of the neighboring cells, while evacuation models incorporate multi-agent approaches considering passengers' movements, physical contacts, and hazardous factor distributions. The model was created, and graphs were obtained using Python 3.12. Results. The results indicate that the integrated model accurately simulates fire dynamics and evacuation interactions, allowing us to analyze different scenarios to make scenario-based predictions of optimal post-accident exit routes. The model was implemented for two scenarios: a fire in the left engine of the Embraer E-190 and Airbus A320-100 aircraft. Conclusions. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that this approach facilitates decision support systems for enhancing safety during ground-based aircraft fires, providing the model for analyzing and minimizing risks in sudden emergencies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Предпосылки. В настоящее время происшествия, в том числе пожары на борту самолёта при взлете/посадке, возникают всё чаще. Для исследования этой проблемы в статье представлены новые модели динамики распространения пожара и процесса эвакуации пассажиров воздушного судна с учётом их физического взаимодействия, а также интегрированная модель, объединяющая процессы, такие как распространение огня, дыма и температуры. Цель. Основная цель данного исследования заключается в создании комплексных моделей, позволяющих анализировать процесс эвакуации из воздушного судна при различных сценариях. Особое внимание уделяется использованию этих моделей для анализа процесса покидания самолёта с учётом различных сценариев распространения поражающих факторов пожара, что позволит разработать оптимальную последовательность действий для каждой конкретной ситуации. Методы. Для описания распространения огня используется математический аппарат многомерных клеточных автоматов, разделяющих воздушное судно на кубические ячейки, которым присваиваются 4 различных состояния: горения, выгоревшего, состоящего из горючего и негорючего материалов. Вероятности возгорания рассчитываются на основе влияния соседних ячеек, а модели эвакуации объединяют в себе мультиагентные подходы, учитывающие движения пассажиров, физические контакты и распределения опасных факторов. Модель была создана и графики получены с использованием языка программирования Python 3.12.Результаты. Результаты показывают, что интегрированная модель точно симулирует динамику пожара и действия пассажиров при эвакуации. Также она позволяет анализировать различные сценарии для прогнозирования оптимальных путей эвакуации после аварии. Модель была реализована для двух сценариев: возгорания в левом двигателе самолётов Embraer E-190 и Airbus A320-100.Заключение. В заключение можно констатировать, что предложенный подход способствует разработке систем поддержки принятия решений, необходимых для повышения безопасности при пожарах на воздушных судах на земле, предлагая модель для анализа и минимизации рисков в условиях внезапных чрезвычайных ситуаций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multi-agent model</kwd><kwd>passenger evacuation</kwd><kwd>fire</kwd><kwd>aircraft</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мультиагентная модель</kwd><kwd>эвакуация пассажиров</kwd><kwd>пожар</kwd><kwd>воздушное судно</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Report of the Interstate Aviation Committee on the Results of the Investigation of the Aviation Accident. Airbus A-310 Catastrophe tech. rep. 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