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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52073</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-30-3-404-416</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KZVBIU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHARMACOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Silver nanoparticles: known and unknown facts in a review of properties, mechanisms of action, and medical applications</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Серебряные наночастицы: известные и неизвестные факты в обзоре свойств, механизмов действия и применения в медицине</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0553-3555</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3604-9824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonov</surname><given-names>Denis V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>Uspenskaya-ev@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-535X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2783-4612</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Levitskaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левицкая</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>Uspenskaya-ev@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2147-8348</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6729-8280</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Uspenskaya</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Успенская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>Uspenskaya-ev@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">CELL BIOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">КЛЕТОЧНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>404</fpage><lpage>416</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-31"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Antonov D.V., Levitskaya O.V., Uspenskaya E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Антонов Д.В., Левицкая О.В., Успенская Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Antonov D.V., Levitskaya O.V., Uspenskaya E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Антонов Д.В., Левицкая О.В., Успенская Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/52073">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/52073</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. The review focuses on the current state of the art in the use of nano-objects in medicine and pharmacy. The relevance of this topic stems from the unique properties of nanomaterials, which exhibit various size-dependent properties in the range of 1-100 nm, where quantum phenomena come into play. The aim of this work is to outline the main strategies of modern science for the development and successful stabilization of nanoparticles intended for both the diagnosis and treatment of pathological diseases. Nanostructured heterogeneous matrices containing highly dispersed particles with sizes corresponding to the de Broglie wavelength open up promising opportunities for their use in various scientific and clinical studies. The diversity of the nature, morphology, sizes, and properties of nanoparticles used in medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of bacterial, viral, and malignant neoplasm stimulates interest in particles exhibiting quantum size effects (QZE). The QZE of nanoobjects are characterized by unique optical and magnetic properties that differ from the properties of physical structures in which particles are larger than 100 nm. Fluorophores based on quantum heterogeneous structures are actively used in medicine and biology, for example, in systems for labelling and visualizing biological data, including in the detection and control of tumor cells. Conclusion. This review describes modern approaches to the synthesis and functionalization of nanoparticles based on top-down and bottom-up principles, as well as the potential mechanisms of action of nanoparticles depending on their morphology, size, and ionic (atomic) form. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, which are due to quantum size effects, are discussed. The article describes various forms of nanoparticles, mechanisms of action, molecular targets, as well as methods of synthesis and application. These aspects are crucial for understanding the role of nanoparticles in combating infections and developing new therapeutic approaches, ensuring their continued relevance in modern science and medicine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Обзор посвящен современному состоянию дел в области использования нанообъектов в медицине и фармации. Актуальность этой темы обусловлена уникальными свойствами наноматериалов, которые демонстрируют различные размерные зависимости в диапазоне 1-100 нм, где вступают в игру квантовые явления. Цель данной работы - обозначить основные стратегии современной науки по разработке и успешной стабилизации наночастиц, предназначенных как для диагностики, так и для лечения патологических заболеваний. Наноструктурировнаные гетерогенные матрицы, содержащие высокодисперсные частицы с размером, соответствующим длине волны де Бройля, открывают многообещающие возможности для их использования в различных не только в научных, но клинических исследованиях. Разнообразие природы, морфологии, размеров и свойств наночастиц, применяемых в медицине для диагностики и терапии заболеваний бактериальной, вирусной и злокачественной этиологии, стимулирует интерес к частицам, проявляющим квантово-размерный эффект. Квантовые структуры нанообъектов характеризуются уникальными оптическими и магнитными свойствами, отличными от свойств физических структур, в которых частицы имеют размер, превышающий 100 нм (макроскопические тела). Флуорофоры на основе квантовых гетероструктур активно применяются в медицине, биологии например, в системах мечения и визуализации биологических объектов в том числе при обнаружении и борьбе с опухолевыми клетками. Выводы. В данном обзоре описаны современные подходы к синтезу и функционализации наночастиц на основе принципов «сверху вниз» и «снизу вверх», а также потенциальные механизмы действия наночастиц в зависимости от их морфологии, размера и ионной (атомной) формы. Обсуждаются уникальные физико-химические свойства наночастиц, обусловленные квантовыми эффектами размера. В статье описываются различные формы наночастиц, механизмы действия, молекулярные мишени, а также методы синтеза и применения. Эти аспекты имеют решающее значение для понимания роли наночастиц в борьбе с инфекциями и разработке новых терапевтических подходов, обеспечивая их постоянную актуальность в современной науке и медицине.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>silver nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>biocidal properties</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial surfaces</kwd><kwd>quantum size effect</kwd><kwd>oligodynamic effect</kwd><kwd>green chemistry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы серебра</kwd><kwd>биоцидные свойства</kwd><kwd>антимикробные поверхности</kwd><kwd>квантово-размерный эффект</kwd><kwd>олигодинамический эффект</kwd><kwd>«зеленая» химия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Публикация выполнена в рамках проекта № 033322–2–000 Системы грантовой поддержки научных проектов РУДН</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This publication has been supported by the RUDN University Scientific Projects Grant System, project No. 033322-2-000</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kaiser KG, Delattre V, Frost VJ, Buck GW, Phu JV, Fernandez TG, Pavel IE. 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