<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52069</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-30-3-356-376</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KRHXOJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MEDICAL GENETICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Intronic enhancers: regulatory roles in tissue differentiation and human diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Интронные энхансеры: регуляторная роль в дифференцировке тканей и влияние на заболевания человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6948-3280</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4242-8997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Radaev</surname><given-names>Nikita E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Радаев</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gurianova-sv@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7290-1196</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2590-1013</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Azova</surname><given-names>Madina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Азова</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gurianova-sv@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4957-0421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzhunushalieva</surname><given-names>Nurzat K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джунушалиева</surname><given-names>Н. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gurianova-sv@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6186-2462</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6722-8695</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guryanova</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурьянова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gurianova-sv@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Center for Maternal and Child Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный центр охраны материнства и детства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биоорганической химии имени академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">CELL BIOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">КЛЕТОЧНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>356</fpage><lpage>376</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-31"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Radaev N.E., Azova M.M., Dzhunushalieva N.K., Guryanova S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Радаев Н.Е., Азова М.М., Джунушалиева Н.К., Гурьянова С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Radaev N.E., Azova M.M., Dzhunushalieva N.K., Guryanova S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Радаев Н.Е., Азова М.М., Джунушалиева Н.К., Гурьянова С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/52069">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/52069</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Intronic enhancers are cis-regulatory DNA elements located within introns of protein-coding or non-coding genes. Although introns were historically regarded mainly as non-coding interruptions removed during pre-mRNA splicing, contemporary functional genomics has shown that they are repositories of regulatory information. Intronic enhancers can control the expression of their host genes, neighboring genes, or even distant genes. Their activity is usually cell-type-specific and is associated with open chromatin, transcription-factor binding, enhancer-associated histone modifications such as H3K4me1 and H3K27ac, recruitment of coactivators, enhancer-promoter looping, and in many cases transcription of enhancer RNAs. Results and discussion. This article reviews the biological significance of intronic enhancers with particular attention to two areas: tissue differentiation and disease. During differentiation, intronic enhancers integrate lineage-determining transcription factors, developmental signals and determine tissue specificity. They contribute to hematopoietic, endothelial, muscle, adipocyte, neuronal, and immune-cell identity by controlling the timing, intensity, and specificity of gene expression. In disease, intronic enhancers are vulnerable sites for pathogenic single-nucleotide variants, insertions, deletions, copy-number changes, epigenetic disruption, and aberrant enhancer hijacking. Examples include GATA2 enhancer mutations in immunodeficiency and myeloid malignancy predisposition, FTO intronic variants affecting IRX3/IRX5 regulation in obesity, and oncogenic enhancer activation near TAL1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Conclusion. Thus intronic enhancers should not be treated as secondary regulatory elements merely because they lie inside genes. Instead, they represent a major layer of genome regulation, connecting non-coding variation to developmental biology, complex traits, and disease mechanisms. Their study is increasingly important for precision medicine, functional interpretation of genome-wide association studies, and future enhancer-targeted therapeutic strategies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Интронные энхансеры - это цис-регуляторные элементы ДНК, локализованные внутри интронов генов, кодирующих белки, либо внутри интронов некодирующих генов. Хотя интроны исторически рассматривались в основном как не кодирующие последовательности, удаляемые во время сплайсинга пре-мРНК, современные данные функциональной геномики показали, что они являются регуляторами транскрипции. Интронные энхансеры могут контролировать экспрессию своих генов, соседних или даже дальних генов. Их активность обычно специфична для каждого типа клеток и ассоциирована с открытым хроматином, связыванием транскрипционных факторов, энхансер-ассоциированными метками гистона, такими как H3K4me1 и H3K27ac, рекрутированием коактиваторов, формированием петлей между энхансером и промотором, и во многих случаях транскрипцией энхансерной РНК (эРНК). Результаты и обсуждение. Эта статья рассматривает биологическую значимость интронных энхансеров, уделяя особое внимание двум областям: дифференциации тканей и заболеваниям. Во время дифференциации интронные энхансеры интегрируют факторы транскрипции, определяющие направление развития, регуляторные сигналы и формируют тканеспецифичность. Они способствуют формированию идентичности клеток гемопоэза, эндотелия, мышц, адипоцитов, нейронов и иммунной системы, контролируя время, интенсивность и специфику экспрессии генов. При заболеваниях в интронных энхансерах обнаруживаются одиночные нуклеотидные замены, вставки, делеции, изменения числа копий, эпигенетические нарушения и аномальный перехват энхансера. Примеры включают мутации энхансера GATA2 при иммунодефицитах и предрасположенности к миелоидным злокачественным опухолям, интронные варианты гена FTO, влияющие на регуляцию IRX3/IRX5 при ожирении, и онкогенный активатор энхансера возле TAL1 при остро-клиническом лимфобластном лейкозе Т-клеток. Выводы. Интронные энхансеры не следует рассматривать как вторичные регуляторные элементы лишь потому, что они располагаются внутри генов. Они скорее представляют собой важные элементы регуляции генома, связывающие не кодирующую вариацию с развитием, сложными признаками и механизмами заболеваний. Их изучение становится все более важным для прецизионной медицины, функциональной интерпретации исследований ассоциаций генома на уровне всего генома (GWAS) и будущих стратегий терапии, нацеленных на энхансеры.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>GATA2</kwd><kwd>FTO</kwd><kwd>TAL1</kwd><kwd>intronic enhancers</kwd><kwd>cis-regulatory elements</kwd><kwd>tissue differentiation</kwd><kwd>chromatin</kwd><kwd>enhancer RNA</kwd><kwd>GATA2</kwd><kwd>FTO</kwd><kwd>TAL1</kwd><kwd>non-coding variants</kwd><kwd>disease genetics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интронные энхансеры</kwd><kwd>цис-регуляторные элементы</kwd><kwd>дифференцировка тканей</kwd><kwd>хроматин</kwd><kwd>энхансерная РНК</kwd><kwd>некодирующие варианты</kwd><kwd>генетика заболеваний</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alvarez-Ponce D, Krishnamurthy, S. Organismal complexity strongly correlates with the number of protein families and domains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2025;122(5): e2404332122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2404332122</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Taher L, Narlikar L, Ovcharenko I. Identification and computational analysis of gene regulatory elements. Cold Spring Harbor protocols. 2015;(1): pdb.top083642. doi: 10.1101/pdb.top083642</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Poller W, Sahoo S, Hajjar R, Landmesser U, Krichevsky AM. Exploration of the noncoding genome for human-specific therapeutic targets-recent insights at molecular and cellular level. Cells. 2023;12(22):2660. doi: 10.3390/cells12222660</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Wittkopp PJ, Kalay G. Cis-regulatory elements: molecular mechanisms and evolutionary processes underlying divergence. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;13(1):59–69. doi: 10.1038/nrg3095</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Kleinjan DA, van Heyningen V. Long-range control of gene expression: emerging mechanisms and disruption in disease. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;76(1):8–32. doi: 10.1086/426833</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Borsari B, Villegas-Mirón P, Pérez-Lluch S, Turpin I, Laayouni H, Segarra-Casas A, Bertranpetit J, Guigó R, Acosta S. Enhancers with tissue-specific activity are enriched in intronic regions. Genome Res. 2021;31(8):1325–1336. doi: 10.1101/gr.270371.120</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Vriend J, Delwel R, Pastoors D. Mechanisms of enhancer-driven oncogene activation. Int J Cancer. 2026;158(2):333–341. doi: 10.1002/ijc.35330</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Parker SC, Stitzel ML, Taylor DL, Orozco JM, Erdos MR, Akiyama JA, van Bueren KL, Chines PS, Narisu N; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, et al. Chromatin stretch enhancer states drive cell-specific gene regulation and harbor human disease risk variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(44):17921–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317023110</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Dao LTM, Spicuglia S. Transcriptional regulation by promoters with enhancer function. Transcription. 2018;9(5):307–314. doi: 10.1080/21541264.2018.1486150</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Watson LA, Wang X, Elbert A, Kernohan KD, Galjart N, Bérubé NG. Dual effect of CTCF loss on neuroprogenitor differentiation and survival. J Neurosci. 2014;34(8):2860–70. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3769–13.2014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Corces MR, Shcherbina A, Kundu S, Gloudemans MJ, Frésard L, Granja JM, Louie BH, Eulalio T, Shams S, Bagdatli ST. Single-cell epigenomic analyses implicate candidate causal variants at inherited risk loci for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Nat Genet. 2020;52(11):1158–1168. doi: 10.1038/s41588–020–00721‑x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Li M, Santpere G, Imamura Kawasawa Y, Evgrafov OV, Gulden FO, Pochareddy S, Sunkin SM, Li Z, Shin Y, Zhu Y. Integrative functional genomic analysis of human brain development and neuropsychiatric risks. Science. 2018;362(6420): eaat7615. doi: 10.1126/science.aat7615</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Rajarajan P, Borrman T, Liao W, Schrode N, Flaherty E, Casiño C, Powell S, Yashaswini C, LaMarca EA, Kassim B, et al. Neuron-specific signatures in the chromosomal connectome associated with schizophrenia risk. Science. 2018;362(6420): eaat4311. doi: 10.1126/science.aat4311</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Kundaje A, Meuleman W, Ernst J. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes. Nature. 2015;518:317–330. doi: 10.1038/nature14248</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>ENCODE Project Consortium, Moore JE, Purcaro MJ, Pratt HE, et al. Expanded encyclopaedias of DNA elements in the human and mouse genomes. Nature. 2020;583:699–710. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2493-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Andersson R, Gebhard C, Miguel-Escalada I, et al. An atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues. Nature. 2014;507:455–461. doi: 10.1038/nature12787</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Pennacchio LA, Bickmore W, Dean A, Nobrega MA, Bejerano G. Enhancers: five essential questions. Nat Rev Genet. 2013;14(4):288–95. doi: 10.1038/nrg3458</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova SV, Maksimova TV, Azova MM. Transcription factors and methods for the pharmacological correction of their activity. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(13):6394. doi: 10.3390/ijms26136394</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Parteka-Tojek Z, Zhu JJ, Lee B, Jodkowska K, Wang P, Aaron J, Chew TL, Banecki K, Plewczynski D, Ruan Y. Super-resolution visualization of chromatin loop folding in human lymphoblastoid cells using interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):8582. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12568-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Panigrahi A, O'Malley BW. Mechanisms of enhancer action: the known and the unknown. Genome Biol. 2021;22:108. doi: 10.1186/s13059-021-02322-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Sainsbury S, Bernecky C, Cramer P. Structural basis of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2015;16(3):129–43. doi: 10.1038/nrm3952</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Pefanis E, Wang J, Rothschild G, Lim J, Kazadi D, Sun J, Federation A, Chao J, Elliott O, Liu ZP, et al. RNA exosome-regulated long non-coding RNA transcription controls super-enhancer activity. Cell. 2015;161(4):774–89. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Arner E, Daub CO, Vitting-Seerup K, Andersson R, Lilje B, Drabløs F, Lennartsson A, Rönnerblad M, Hrydziuszko O, Vitezic M, et al. Transcribed enhancers lead waves of coordinated transcription in transitioning mammalian cells. Science. 2015;347(6225):1010–4. doi: 10.1126/science.1259418</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Curina A, Termanini A, Barozzi I, Prosperini E, Simonatto M, Polletti S, Silvola A, Soldi M, Austenaa L, Bonaldi T, et al. High constitutive activity of a broad panel of housekeeping and tissue-specific cis-regulatory elements depends on a subset of ETS proteins. Genes Dev. 2017;31(4):399–412. doi: 10.1101/gad.293134.116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Tsai SY, Carlstedt-Duke J, Weigel NL, Dahlman K, Gustafsson J-Å, Tsai M-J, O'Malley BW. Molecular interactions of steroid hormone receptor with its enhancer element: Evidence for receptor dimer formation. Cell. 1988;55(2):361–369. doi: 10.1016/0092–8674 (88) 90059–1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Claussnitzer M, Dankel SN, Kim K-H., et al. FTO obesity variant circuitry and adipocyte browning in humans. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373:895–907. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1502214</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>The Consortium “ENCODE Project Consortium 2020ˮ. URL: https://www.encodeproject.org/ (дата обращения: 10.06.2026)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Gilbert N, Boyle S, Sutherland H, et al. Formation of facultative heterochromatin in the absence of HP1. EMBO J. 2003;22:5540–5550. doi: 10.1093/emboj/cdg520</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Eisenberg E, Levanon EY. Human housekeeping genes, revisited. Trends Genet. 2013;29(10):569–74. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Creyghton MP, Cheng AW, Welstead GG, Kooistra T, Carey BW, Steine EJ, Hanna J, Lodato MA, Frampton GM, Sharp PA, et al. Histone H3K27ac separates active from poised enhancers and predicts developmental state. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(50):21931–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1016071107</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Blais A, Tsikitis M, Acosta-Alvear D, Sharan R, Kluger Y, Dynlacht BD. An initial blueprint for myogenic differentiation. Genes Dev. 2005;19(5):553–69. doi: 10.1101/gad.1281105</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Schoenfelder S, Fraser P. Long-range enhancer-promoter contacts in gene expression control. Nat Rev Genet. 2019;20(8):437–455. doi: 10.1038/s41576-019-0128-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Beagan JA, Phillips-Cremins JE. On the existence and functionality of topologically associating domains. Nat Genet. 2020;52:8–16. doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0561-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Rowley MJ, Corces VG. Organizational principles of 3D genome architecture. Nat Rev Genet. 2018;19(12):789–800. doi: 10.1038/s41576-018-0060-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Sartorelli V, Lauberth SM. Enhancer RNAs are an important regulatory layer of the epigenome. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020;27(6):521—528. doi: 10.1038/s41594-020-0446-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Tsai PF, Dell'Orso S, Rodriguez J, Vivanco KO, Ko KD, Jiang K, Juan AH, Sarshad AA, Vian L, Tran M, et al. A Muscle-Specific Enhancer RNA Mediates Cohesin Recruitment and Regulates Transcription In trans. Mol Cell. 2018;71(1):129–141.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Tremblay M, Sanchez-Ferras O, Bouchard M. GATA transcription factors in development and disease. Development. 2018;145(20): dev164384. doi: 10.1242/dev.164384</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Hsu AP, Johnson KD, Falcone EL, Sanalkumar R, Sanchez L, Hickstein DD, Cuellar-Rodriguez J, Lemieux JE, Zerbe CS, Bresnick EH, Holland SM. GATA2 haploinsufficiency caused by mutations in a conserved intronic element leads to MonoMAC syndrome. Blood. 2013;121(19):3830–7. doi: 10.1182/blood‑2012-08-452763</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Blum R, Vethantham V, Bowman C, Rudnicki M, Dynlacht BD. Genome-wide identification of enhancers in skeletal muscle: the role of MyoD1. Genes Dev. 2012;26(24):2763–79. doi: 10.1101/gad.200113.112</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Yin H, Price F, Rudnicki MA. Satellite cells and the muscle stem cell niche. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(1):23–67. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Smemo S, Tena JJ, Kim K-H, et al. Obesity-associated variants within FTO form long-range functional connections with IRX3. Nature. 2014;507:371–375. doi: 10.1038/nature13138</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Zabuawala T, Taffany DA, Sharma SM, Merchant A, Adair B, Srinivasan R, Rosol TJ, Fernandez S, Huang K, Leone G, Ostrowski MC. An ets2‑driven transcriptional program in tumor-associated macrophages promotes tumor metastasis. Cancer Res. 2010;70(4):1323–33. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN‑09-1474</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Fulco CP, Nasser J, Jones TR, Munson G, Bergman DT, Subramanian V, Grossman SR, Anyoha R, Doughty BR, Patwardhan TA, et al. Activity-by-contact model of enhancer-promoter regulation from thousands of CRISPR perturbations. Nat Genet. 2019;51(12):1664–1669. doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0538-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Gorshkova RP, Isakov VV, Nazarenko EL, Ovodov YS, Guryanova SV, Dmitriev BA. Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from Yersinia kristensenii O:25.35. Carbohydr. Res. 1993; 241;201–208. doi:10.1016/0008-6215(93)80106‑o</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>L'vov VL, Gur'yanova SV, Rodionov AV, Gorshkova RP. Structure of the repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia kristensenii strain 490 (O:12,25). Carbohydr. Res. 1992;228:415–422. doi: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)84134‑e</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>L'vov VL, Gur'ianova SV, Rodionov AV, Dmitriev BA, Shashkov AS, Ignatenko AV, Gorshkova RP, Ovodov IS. The structure of a repetitive unit of the glycerolphosphate- containing O-specific polysaccharide chain from Yersinia kristensenii strain 103 (0:12,26) lipopolysaccharide. Bioorg. Khim. 1990;16:379–389. PMID: 1694078.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Meshcheriakova EA, Gur'ianova SV, Makarov EA, Andronova TM, Ivanov VT. Structure-functional study of glycosaminylmuramoyl peptides. The effect of chemical modification of N-acetylglucosaminyl-N-acetylmuramoyldipeptide on its immunomodulating properties in vivo and in vitro. Bioorg. Chem. 1991;17:1157–1165. PMID: 1807252.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Rechkina EA, Denisova GF, Masalova OV, Lideman LF, Denisov DA, Lesnova EI, Ataullakhanov RI, Gur'ianova SV, Kushch A. Epitope mapping of antigenic determinants of hepatitis C virus proteins by phage display. Mol. Biol. 2006;40:357–368. PMID: 1663727.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Manapova ER, Fazylov VC, Guryanova SV. Cytopenias and their correction during antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C in patients with genotype 1. Probl. Virol. 2017;62;174–178. doi: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-4-174-178</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova SV, Kudryashova NA, Kataeva AA, Orozbekova BT, Kolesnikova NV, Chuchalin AG. Novel approaches to increase resistance to acute respiratory infections. RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2021;25(3):181–195. doi: 10.22363/2313-0245-2021-25-3-181-195</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Meng F, Zhao H, Zhu B, Zhang T, Yang M, Li Y, Han Y, Jiang J. Genomic editing of intronic enhancers unveils their role in fine-tuning tissue-specific gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2021;33(6):1997–2014. doi: 10.1093/plcell/koab093</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Y, Tazearslan C, Suh Y. Challenges and progress in interpretation of non-coding genetic variants associated with human disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2017;242(13):1325–1334. doi: 10.1177/1535370217713750</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Nasser J, Bergman DT, Fulco CP, et al. Genome-wide enhancer maps link risk variants to disease genes. Nature. 2021;593:238–243. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03446‑x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Alsheikh AJ, Wollenhaupt S, King EA, Reeb J, Ghosh S, Stolzenburg LR, Tamim S, Lazar J, Davis JW, Jacob HJ. The landscape of GWAS validation; systematic review identifying 309 validated non-coding variants across 130 human diseases. BMC Med Genomics. 2022;15(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s12920-022-01216‑w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>West RR, Bauer TR, Tuschong LM, Embree LJ, Calvo KR, Tillo D, Davis J, Holland SM, Hickstein DD. A novel GATA2 distal enhancer mutation results in MonoMAC syndrome in 2 second cousins. Blood Adv. 2023;7(20):6351–6363. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010458</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Soukup AA, Bresnick EH. GATA2 +9.5 enhancer: from principles of hematopoiesis to genetic diagnosis in precision medicine. Curr Opin Hematol. 2020;27(3):163–171. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000576</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Herz HM. Enhancer deregulation in cancer and other diseases. Bioessays. 2016;38(10):1003–15. doi: 10.1002/bies.201600106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Smith C, Goyal A, Weichenhan D, Allemand E, Mayakonda A, Toprak U, Riedel A, Balducci E, Manojkumar M, Pejkovska A, et al. TAL1 activation in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a novel oncogenic 3' neo-enhancer. Haematologica. 2023;108(5):1259–1271. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2022.281583</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Mansour MR, Abraham BJ, Anders L, Berezovskaya A, Gutierrez A, Durbin AD, Etchin J, Lawton L, Sallan SE, Silverman LB, et al. Oncogene regulation. An oncogenic super-enhancer formed through somatic mutation of a noncoding intergenic element. Science. 2014;346(6215):1373–7. doi: 10.1126/science.1259037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>He Y, Long W, Liu Q. Targeting Super-Enhancers as a Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer Treatment. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:361. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00361</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Cavalli G, Heard E. Advances in epigenetics link genetics to the environment and disease. Nature. 2019;571(7766):489–499. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1411-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Deplancke B, Alpern D, Gardeux V. The Genetics of Transcription Factor DNA Binding Variation. Cell. 2016;166(3):538–554. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Farh KK, Marson A, Zhu J, Kleinewietfeld M, Housley WJ, Beik S, Shoresh N, Whitton H, Ryan RJ, Shishkin AA, et al. Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants. Nature. 2015;518(7539):337-43. doi: 10.1038/nature13835</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Kaikkonen MU, Spann NJ, Heinz S, Romanoski CE, Allison KA, Stender JD, Chun HB, Tough DF, Prinjha RK, Benner C, Glass CK. Remodeling of the enhancer landscape during macrophage activation is coupled to enhancer transcription. Mol Cell. 2013;51(3):310–25. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.07.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova SV, Khaitov RM. Glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide — GMDP: Effect on mucosal immunity (on the issue of immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis). Immunologiya. 2020;41:174–183. doi: 10.33029/0206-4952-2020-41-2-174-183</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova SV. Regulation of Immune Homeostasis via Muramyl Peptides-Low Molecular Weight Bioregulators of Bacterial Origin. Microorganisms. 2022;10:1526. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10081526</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova SV, Kataeva A. Inflammation Regulation by Bacterial Molecular Patterns. Biomedicines. 2023;11:183. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11010183</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova SV, Sigmatulin IA, Gigani OO, Lipkina SA. Mechanisms of regulation allergic and autoimmune reactions by bacterial origin bioregulators RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2023;27(4):470–482. doi: 10.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-470-482</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova SV. Influence of muramyl peptides on the production of chemokines, growth factors, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2024;28(3):365–376. doi: 10.22363/2313-0245-2024-28-3-365-376</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J, Barreiro LB, Chavakis T, Divangahi M, Fuchs E, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Mhlanga MM, Mulder WJM, et al. Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):375–388. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0285-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Nord AS, Pattabiraman K, Visel A, Rubenstein JLR. Genomic perspectives of transcriptional regulation in forebrain development. Neuron. 2015;85(1):27–47. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Lupiáñez DG, Kraft K, Heinrich V, Krawitz P, Brancati F, Klopocki E, Horn D, Kayserili H, Opitz JM, Laxova R, et al. Disruptions of topological chromatin domains cause pathogenic rewiring of gene-enhancer interactions. Cell. 2015;161(5):1012–1025. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Spielmann M, Lupiáñez DG, Mundlos S. Structural variation in the 3D genome. Nat Rev Genet. 2018;19(7):453–467. doi: 10.1038/s41576-018-0007-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Ibn-Salem J, Köhler S, Love MI, Chung HR, Huang N, Hurles ME, Haendel M, Washington NL, Smedley D, Mungall CJ, et al. Deletions of chromosomal regulatory boundaries are associated with congenital disease. Genome Biol. 2014;15(9):423. doi: 10.1186/s13059-014-0423-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Weischenfeldt J, Dubash T, Drainas AP, Mardin BR, Chen Y, Stütz  AM, Waszak SM, Bosco G, Halvorsen AR, Raeder B, et al. Pan-cancer analysis of somatic copy-number alterations implicates IRS4 and IGF2 in enhancer hijacking. Nat Genet. 2017;49(1):65–74. doi: 10.1038/ng.3722</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Sur I, Taipale J. The role of enhancers in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16(8):483–93. doi: 10.1038/nrc.2016.62</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Nabel CS, Manning SA, Kohli RM. The curious chemical biology of cytosine: deamination, methylation, and oxidation as modulators of genomic potential. ACS Chem Biol. 2012;7(1):20–30. doi: 10.1021/cb2002895</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Nuñez JK, Chen J, Pommier GC, Cogan JZ, Replogle JM, Adriaens C, Ramadoss GN, Shi Q, Hung KL, Samelson AJ, et al. Genome-wide programmable transcriptional memory by CRISPR-based epigenome editing. Cell. 2021;184(9):2503–2519.e17. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Buenrostro JD, Giresi PG, Zaba LC, Chang HY, Greenleaf WJ. Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position. Nat Methods. 2013;10(12):1213–8. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2688</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Kaya-Okur HS, Wu SJ, Codomo CA, Pledger ES, Bryson TD, Henikoff JG, Ahmad K, Henikoff S. CUT&amp;Tag for efficient epigenomic profiling of small samples and single cells. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1930. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09982-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Andersson R, Sandelin A. Determinants of enhancer and promoter activities of regulatory elements. Nat Rev Genet. 2020;21(2):71–87. doi: 10.1038/s41576-019-0173-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Tewhey R, Kotliar D, Park DS, Liu B, Winnicki S, Reilly SK, Andersen KG, Mikkelsen TS, Lander ES, Schaffner SF, Sabeti PC. Direct identification of hundreds of expression-modulating variants using a multiplexed reporter assay. Cell. 2016;165(6):1519–1529. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Namasivayam AA, Morales AF, Lacave ÁM, Tallam A, Simovic  B, Alfaro DG, Bobbili DR, Martin F, Androsova G, Shvydchenko I., et al. Community-reviewed biological network models for toxicology and drug discovery applications. Gene Regulation and Systems Biology. 2016;10:51–66. doi:10.4137/GRSB.S39076</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Hoeng J, Boue S, Fields B, Park J, Peitsch MC, Schlage WK, Talikka M, Binenbaum I, Bondarenko V, Bulgakov OV, et al. Enhancement of COPD biological networks using a web-based collaboration interface. F1000 Res. 2015, 4. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.5984.2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova S, Guryanova A. sbv IMPROVER: Modern Approach to Systems Biology. Methods Mol. Biol. 2017;1613:21–29. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7027-8_2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Gilissen C, Hehir-Kwa JY, Thung DT, van de Vorst M, van Bon BW, Willemsen MH, Kwint M, Janssen IM, Hoischen A, Schenck A, et al. Genome sequencing identifies major causes of severe intellectual disability. Nature. 2014;511(7509):344–7. doi: 10.1038/nature13394</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Hilton IB, D'Ippolito AM, Vockley CM, Thakore PI, Crawford GE, Reddy TE, Gersbach CA. Epigenome editing by a CRISPR-Cas9‑based acetyltransferase activates genes from promoters and enhancers. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33(5):510–7. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3199</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Hahn CN, Chong CE, Carmichael CL, Wilkins EJ, Brautigan PJ, Li XC, Babic M, Lin M, Carmagnac A, Lee YK, et al. Heritable GATA2 mutations associated with familial myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Genet. 2011;43(10):1012–7. doi: 10.1038/ng.913</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
