<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52068</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-30-3-339-355</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KOYSOO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CELL BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛЕТОЧНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Study of the neuroprotective effect of conditioned medium from human iPSCs-derived glial progenitor cells in a model of glutamate excitotoxicity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование нейропротективного действия кондиционированной среды от глиальных производных, полученных из индуцированных плюрипотентных стволовых клеток человека, на модели глутаматной эксайтотоксичности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7415-1520</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3390-4201</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shedenkova</surname><given-names>Margarita O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шеденкова</surname><given-names>М. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6589-2164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurianova</surname><given-names>Anastasiia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурьянова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3531-7684</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5225-7878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sudina</surname><given-names>Anastasia K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Судьина</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimov</surname><given-names>Yaroslav M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимов</surname><given-names>Я. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7885-9892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guguchin</surname><given-names>Egor P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гугучкин</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6771-2163</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8064-2794</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpulevich</surname><given-names>Evgeny A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпулевич</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-5764</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7919-8430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhudinov</surname><given-names>Timur Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхудинов</surname><given-names>Т. Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-1605</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7714-9099</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goldshtein</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гольдштейн</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7842-7635</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1436-5027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salikhova</surname><given-names>Diana I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салихова</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медико-генетический научный центр им. Н.П. Бочкова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for System Programming, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт системного программирования им. В.П. Иванникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">CELL BIOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">КЛЕТОЧНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>339</fpage><lpage>355</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-31"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Shedenkova M.O., Gurianova A.A., Sudina A.K., Maksimov Y.M., Guguchin E.P., Karpulevich E.A., Fatkhudinov T.K., Goldshtein D.V., Salikhova D.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Шеденкова М.О., Гурьянова А.А., Судьина А.К., Максимов Я.М., Гугучкин Е.П., Карпулевич Е.А., Фатхудинов Т.Х., Гольдштейн Д.В., Салихова Д.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shedenkova M.O., Gurianova A.A., Sudina A.K., Maksimov Y.M., Guguchin E.P., Karpulevich E.A., Fatkhudinov T.K., Goldshtein D.V., Salikhova D.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шеденкова М.О., Гурьянова А.А., Судьина А.К., Максимов Я.М., Гугучкин Е.П., Карпулевич Е.А., Фатхудинов Т.Х., Гольдштейн Д.В., Салихова Д.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/52068">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/52068</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. In modern biomedicine, therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders are increasingly focused on the development of multitarget therapeutic approaches. Among the promising avenues, preparations based on conditioned media stand out. In the present work, for the first time, a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of differential gene expression was performed in primary cortical neuron cultures incubated with conditioned medium from human glial progenitor cells under conditions of induced glutamate excitotoxicity. This study allows us to infer potential molecular mechanisms underlying the observed protective effect. Materials and methods. Conditioned medium was collected from human glial progenitor cell cultures and subjected to purification and concentration by tangential ultrafiltration. Excitotoxic glutamate exposure was modeled in primary cortical neurons from newborn (P0) rats by adding sodium glutamate to a final concentration of 100 µM. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Transcriptomic libraries were sequenced on the NextSeq 1000 platform (Illumina, USA); read quality control was performed with the FastQC tool. The R package edgeR was used for differential gene expression analysis (FDR &lt; 0.05). Results and discussion. The conditioned medium was found to exert a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect: at a preparation concentration of 45 µg/mL, cell viability recovered to the level of the intact control. According to transcriptomic profiling data, the addition of conditioned medium against a background of glutamate stress was accompanied by upregulation of 173 genes and downregulation of 479 genes. The identified genes were grouped into functional categories with statistical significance. Among the most represented biological processes associated with activated genes were regeneration, cell-cell adhesion, response to oxidative stress, inhibition of apoptosis, and stimulation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Downregulated genes were predominantly linked to calcium transport, glutamatergic signal transmission, and regulation of neurite outgrowth and branching. The results obtained may indicate that components of the conditioned medium trigger antioxidant defense and repair cascades in neurons while simultaneously limiting excessive activation of glutamate receptors and calcium ion influx. Conclusion. The conditioned medium exhibits neuroprotective properties under conditions of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Presumably, this effect is based on the simultaneous induction of genes promoting survival and suppression of genes mediating glutamatergic neurotransmission. The totality of the data obtained confirms the promise of further development of therapeutic agents based on conditioned media from human glial progenitor cells for the treatment of neurological disorders.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. В современной биомедицине стратегии лечения неврологических расстройств все чаще фокусируются на разработке мультитаргетных терапевтических подходов. Среди перспективных направлений выделяются препараты на основе кондиционированных сред. В данной работе впервые осуществлен полногеномный транскриптомный анализ дифференциальной экспрессии генов клеток первичной культуры кортикальных нейронов, проинкубированных с кондиционированной средой от глиальных клеток-предшественников человека на фоне индукции глутаматной эксайтотоксичности. Данное исследование позволяет предположить потенциальные молекулярные механизмы наблюдаемого защитного действия. Материалы и методы. Кондиционированную среду собирали от культуры глиальных предшественников человека и подвергали очистке и концентрированию методом тангенциальной ультрафильтрации. Эксайтотоксическое воздействие глутамата моделировали на первичных кортикальных нейронах новорожденных (Р0) крыс путем внесения натриевой соли глутамата в конечной концентрации 100 мкМ. Жизнеспособность клеток оценивали с помощью МТТ-теста. Транскриптомные библиотеки секвенировали на платформе NextSeq 1000 (Illumina, США), контроль качества прочтений производили с помощью утилиты FastQC. Для оценки дифференциальной экспрессии генов был использован R-пакет edgeR (значение FDR менее 0,05). Результаты и обсуждение. Исследование показало, что добавление 45 мкг/мл кондиционированной среды восстанавливает уровень выживаемости клеток до контрольных значений, то есть препарат обладает дозозависимым нейропротекорным действием. По результатам тракскриптомного профилирования добавление среды на фоне глутаматного стресса приводило к повышению экспрессии 173 генов и подавлению 479 генов. Дифференциально экспрессированные гены статистически достоверно кластеризовались по функциональным группам. К числу наиболее представленных биологических процессов, связанных с активированными генами, относились регенерация, межклеточная адгезия, ответ на окислительный стресс, ингибирование апоптоза и активация TGF-β-сигнального каскада. Гены, экспрессия которых снижалась, преимущественно участвовали в транспорте ионов кальция, глитаматергической нейропередаче и регуляции роста и ветвления нейритов. Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что компоненты кондиционированной среды запускают в нейронах программы антиоксидантной защиты и восстановления, одновременно ограничивая чрезмерную активацию глутаматных рецепторов и приток ионов кальция. Выводы. Исследуемый препарат кондиционированной среды обладает нейропротекторными свойствами в условиях глутамат-индуцированной эксайтотоксичности. Предположительно, в основе данного эффекта лежит одновременная индукция экспрессии генов, способствующих выживанию, и подавление генов, обеспечивающих глутаматергическую нейротрансмиссию. Совокупность полученных данных подтверждает перспективность дальнейшей разработки лекарственных средств на базе кондиционированных сред глиальных клеток-предшественников человека для терапии неврологических расстройств.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>conditioned medium</kwd><kwd>glutamate excitotoxicity</kwd><kwd>transcriptome analysis</kwd><kwd>glial progenitor cells</kwd><kwd>iPSCs</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кондиционированная среда</kwd><kwd>глутаматная эксайтотоксичность</kwd><kwd>транскриптомный анализ</kwd><kwd>глиальные клетки-предшественники</kwd><kwd>иПСК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации KБK: 075 0110 47 2 Ю8 70440 621. Код научной темы: FSSF-2025–0004</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The work is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, budget classification code: 075 0110 47 2 U8 70440 621. Scientific topic code: FSSF-2025-0004</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Magdaleno Roman JY, Chapa González C. Glutamate and excitotoxicity in central nervous system disorders: ionotropic glutamate receptors as a target for neuroprotection. Neuroprotection. 2024;2(2):137–150. doi:10.1002/nep3.46</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Dong X xia, Wang Y, Qin Z hong. Molecular mechanisms of excitotoxicity and their relevance to pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009;30(4):379–387. doi:10.1038/aps.2009.24</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Winter AN, Ross EK, Khatter S, Miller K, Linseman DA. Chemical basis for the disparate neuroprotective effects of the anthocyanins, callistephin and kuromanin, against nitrosative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;103:23–34. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Trinh TA, Seo YH, Choi S, Lee J, Kang KS. Protective Effect of Osmundacetone against Neurological Cell Death Caused by Oxidative Glutamate Toxicity. Biomolecules. 2021;11(2):328. doi:10.3390/biom11020328</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Dossat AM, Trychta KA, Glotfelty EJ, Hinkle JJ, Fortuno LV, Gore LN, Richie CT, Harvey BK. Excitotoxic glutamate levels cause the secretion of resident endoplasmic reticulum proteins. J Neurochem. 2024;168(9):2461–2478. doi:10.1111/jnc.16093</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J, Hu X, Geng Y, Xiang L, Wu Y, Li Y, Yang L, Zhou K. Exploring the role of parthanatos in CNS injury: Molecular insights and therapeutic approaches. J Adv Res. 2025;70:271–286. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Lewerenz J, Maher P. Chronic Glutamate Toxicity in Neurodegenerative Diseases — What is the Evidence? Front Neurosci. 2015;9:469. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00469</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Song C, Wu YS, Yang ZY, Kalueff AV, Tsao YY, Dong Y, Su KP. Astrocyte-Conditioned Medium Protects Prefrontal Cortical Neurons from Glutamate-Induced Cell Death by Inhibiting TNF-α Expression. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2019;26(1):33–42. doi:10.1159/000495211</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Hao P, Liang Z, Piao H. Conditioned medium of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells mediates protection in neurons following glutamate excitotoxicity by regulating energy metabolism and GAP‑43 expression. Metab Brain Dis. 2014;29(1):193–205. doi:10.1007/s11011–014–9490‑y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Huang TY, Naruphontjirakul P, Tseng SC, Su WT. Protective effect of conditioned medium derived from melatonin-stimulated stem cells from the apical papilla on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Neuroscience. 2025;570:72–83. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.02.031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Salikhova DI, Leonov GE, Bukharova TB, Bulatenko NV, Efremovа AS, Makhnach OV, Makarov AV, Fatkhudinov TH, Goldshtein DV. Comparative Analysis of the Paracrine Action of Neuronal and Glial Progenitor Cells Derived from Induced Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020;169(1):176–181. doi:10.1007/s10517–020–04845–2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Leonov G, Salikhova D, Shedenkova M, Bukharova T, Fatkhudinov T, Goldshtein D. Comparative Study of the Protective and Neurotrophic Effects of Neuronal and Glial Progenitor Cells-Derived Conditioned Media in a Model of Glutamate Toxicity In Vitro. Biomolecules. 2023;13(12):1784. doi:10.3390/biom13121784</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Salikhova D, Bukharova T, Cherkashova E, Namestnikova D, Leonov G, Nikitina M, Gubskiy I, Akopyan G, Elchaninov A, Midiber K, et al. Therapeutic Effects of hiPSC-Derived Glial and Neuronal Progenitor Cells-Conditioned Medium in Experimental Ischemic Stroke in Rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4694. doi:10.3390/ijms22094694</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang M, Zhang F, Sun J, Sun Y, Xu L, Zhang D, Wang Z, He W. The condition medium of mesenchymal stem cells promotes proliferation, adhesion and neuronal differentiation of retinal progenitor cells. Neurosci Lett. 2017;657:62–68. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Zgodova A, Pavlova S, Nekrasova A, Boyarkin D, Pinelis V, Surin A, Bakaeva Z. Isoliquiritigenin Protects Neuronal Cells against Glutamate Excitotoxicity. Membranes (Basel). 2022;12(11):1052. doi:10.3390/membranes12111052</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shedenkova M, Gurianova A, Sudina A, Guguchin E, Karpulevich E, Fatkhudinov T, Goldstein D, Salikhova D. Neuroprotective effect of extracellular vesicles obtained from human glial derivatives on the model of glutamate excitotoxicity. RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2025;29(4);436–453. (In Russian). doi: 10.22363/2313-0245-2025-29-4-436-453 EDN: AAGDLC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шеденкова М.О., Гурьянова А.А., Судьина А.К., Гугучкин Е.П., Карпулевич Е.А., Фатхудинов Т.Х., Гольдштейн Д.В., Салихова Д.И. Нейропротективное действие внеклеточных везикул, полученных из глиальных производных человека на модели глутаматной эксайтотоксичности // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина. 2025.  Т. 29. № 4. C. 436-453. doi: 10.22363/2313-0245-2025-29-4-436-453 EDN: AAGDLC</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Babraham Bioinformatics — FastQC A Quality Control tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. Accessed April 13, 2026. https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(15):2114–2120. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Patro R, Duggal G, Love MI, Irizarry RA, Kingsford C. Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression. Nat Methods. 2017;14(4):417–419. doi:10.1038/nmeth.4197</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Differential analyses for RNA-seq: transcript-level… F1000Research. Accessed April 13, 2026. https://f1000research.com/articles/4-1521</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Robinson MD, McCarthy DJ, Smyth GK. edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics. 2010;26(1):139–40. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Wang L, Chen Q, Chen Z, Tian D, Xu H, Cai Q, Liu B, Deng G. EFEMP2 is upregulated in gliomas and promotes glioma cell proliferation and invasion. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(9):10385–10393.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Cai Z, Yin K, Liu Q, Liu M, Yang X, Cui L. Association between abnormal expression and methylation of LGALS1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Res. 2022;1792:148022. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Di Matteo F, Pipicelli F, Kyrousi C, Tovecci I, Penna E, Crispino M, Chambery A, Russo R, Ayo-Martin AC, Giordano M, et al. Cystatin B is essential for proliferation and interneuron migration in individuals with EPM1 epilepsy. EMBO Mol Med. 2020;12(6): e11419. doi:10.15252/emmm.201911419</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Niu X, Zhang F, Gu W, Zhang B, Chen X. FBLN2 is associated with Goldenhar syndrome and is essential for cranial neural crest cell development. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2024;1537(1):113–128. doi:10.1111/nyas.15183</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Sancho L, Boisvert MM, Eddy T, Burgado J, Contreras M, Labarta-Bajo L, Wang E, Tatsumi L, Allen NJ. Astrocyte CCN1 stabilizes neural circuits in the adult brain. Nature. 2026;649(8098):948–958. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09770‑w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ould-yahoui A, Tremblay E, Sbai O, Ferhat L, Bernard A, Charrat E, Gueye Y, Lim NH, Brew K, Risso JJ, et al. A New Role for TIMP‑1 in Modulating Neurite Outgrowth and Morphology of Cortical Neurons. PLoS One. 2009;4(12):e8289. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008289</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Pristerà A, Blomeley C, Lopes E, Threlfell S, Merlini E, Burdakov D, Cragg S, Guillemot F, Ang SL. Dopamine neuron-derived IGF‑1 controls dopamine neuron firing, skill learning, and exploration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116(9):3817–3826. doi:10.1073/pnas.1806820116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Lin YH, Jiang JH, Chuang HC, Huang CC, Hsu WM, Wu MT, Chen TY, Lian WS, Chuang JH. The Involvement of CSRP1 in Neuroblastoma Differentiation and Apoptosis Impacting Tumor-Suppressive Therapeutic Responses. FASEB J. 2025;39(7): e70521. doi:10.1096/fj.202500403R</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Bonaguidi MA, Peng CY, McGuire T, Falciglia G, Gobeske KT, Czeisler C, Kessler JA. Noggin Expands Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Hippocampus. J Neurosci. 2008;28(37):9194–9204. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3314-07.2008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Yeap YJ, Kandiah N, Nizetic D, Lim KL. BACE2: A Promising Neuroprotective Candidate for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 94(Suppl 1): S159-S171. doi:10.3233/JAD‑220867</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Young KA, Biggins L, Sharpe HJ. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in cell adhesion. Biochem J. 2021;478(5):1061–1083. doi:10.1042/BCJ20200511</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Vonica A, Bhat N, Phan K, Guo J, Iancu L, Weber JA, Karger A, Cain JW, Wang ECE, DeStefano GM, et al. Apcdd1 is a dual BMP/Wnt inhibitor in the developing nervous system and skin. Developmental Biology. 2020;464(1):71–87. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Zheng S li, Li Z yong, Song J, Liu J min, Miao C yu. Metrnl: a secreted protein with new emerging functions. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2016;37(5):571–579. doi:10.1038/aps.2016.9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Silbereis JC, Nobuta H, Tsai HH, Heine VM, McKinsey GL, Meijer DH, Howard MA, Petryniak MA, Potter GB, Alberta JA, et al. Olig1 function is required to repress Dlx1/2 and interneuron production in mammalian brain. Neuron. 2014;81(3):574–587. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Betlazar C, Middleton RJ, Banati R, Liu GJ. The translocator protein (TSPO) in mitochondrial bioenergetics and immune processes. Cells. 2020;9(2):512. doi:10.3390/cells9020512</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Sugiyama Y, Oishi T, Yamashita A, Murata Y, Yamamoto T, Takashima I, Isa T, Higo N. Neuronal and microglial localization of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (osteopontin) in intact and damaged motor cortex of macaques. Brain Res. 2019;1714:52–64. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao P, Shi W, Ye Y, Xu K, Hu J, Chao H, Tao Z, Xu L, Gu W, Zhang L, et al. Atox1 protects hippocampal neurons after traumatic brain injury via DJ‑1 mediated anti-oxidative stress and mitophagy. Redox Biol. 2024;72:103156. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103156</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>An M, Yin H, Li Y, Cao H, Zhang Z, Yang J, Wang J, Liu T, Zhao L, Wang C, et al. GPX3 activates autophagy to protect cochlear spiral ganglion neurons from injury in age-related hearing loss. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2026;250:16–29. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2026.03.048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Jeng W, Loniewska MM, Wells PG. Brain Glucose‑6‑phosphate dehydrogenase protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage and neurodegeneration in aged mice. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2013;4(7):1123–1132. doi:10.1021/cn400079y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Ohmori I, Ouchida M, Imai H, Ishida S, Toyokuni S, Mashimo T. Thioredoxin deficiency increases oxidative stress and causes bilateral symmetrical degeneration in rat midbrain. Neurobiology of Disease. 2022;175:105921. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105921</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Oh SJ, Lee CJ. Distribution and Function of the Bestrophin‑1 (Best1) Channel in the Brain. Exp Neurobiol. 2017;26(3):113–121. doi:10.5607/en.2017.26.3.113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Bosier B, Doyen PJ, Brolet A, Muccioli GG, Ahmed E, Desmet N, Hermans E, Deumens R. Inhibition of the regulator of G protein signalling RGS4 in the spinal cord decreases neuropathic hyperalgesia and restores cannabinoid CB1 receptor signalling. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(22):5333–5346. doi:10.1111/bph.13324</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Lewis JE, Brameld JM, Jethwa PH. Neuroendocrine Role for VGF. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015;6:3. doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Chanpaisaeng K, Dass CR. The Role of PEDF in the Eye, Bone, and Nervous and Immune Systems. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17(8):1064. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17081064</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu JY, Chen M, Mu WJ, Luo HY, Guo L. The functional role of Higd1a in mitochondrial homeostasis and in multiple disease processes. Genes Dis. 2022;10(5):1833–1845. doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2022.03.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Mi Z, Graham SH. Role of UCHL1 in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury. Ageing Research Reviews. 2023;86:101856. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.101856</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Arlt A, Schäfer H. Role of the immediate early response 3 (IER3) gene in cellular stress response, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Eur J Cell Biol. 2011;90(6–7):545–552. doi:10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Xu G, Huang Z, Sheng J, Gao X, Wang X, Garcia JQ, Wei G, Liu D, Gong J. FGF binding protein 3 is required for spinal cord motor neuron development and regeneration in zebrafish. Exp Neurol. 2022;348:113944. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113944</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Pan Y, Zhang J, Liu W, Shu P, Yin B, Yuan J, Qiang B, Peng X. Dok5 is involved in the signaling pathway of neurotrophin‑3 against TrkC-induced apoptosis. Neurosci Lett. 2013;553:46–51. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Tian S, Xu X, Yang X, Fan L, Jiao Y, Zheng M, Zhang S. Roles of follistatin-like protein 3 in human non-tumor pathophysiologies and cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10:953551. doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.953551</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>König HG, Kögel D, Rami A, Prehn JHM. TGF-β1 activates two distinct type I receptors in neurons. J Cell Biol. 2005;168(7):1077–1086. doi:10.1083/jcb.200407027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Ho CT, Evans EB, Lukasik K, O'Shaughnessy EC, Shah A, Hsu CH, Temple B, Bear JE, Gupton SL. Coro1A and TRIM67 collaborate in netrin-dependent neuronal morphogenesis. J Cell Biol. 2025;224(12): e202503068. doi:10.1083/jcb.202503068</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang K, Zhang T, He Q, Liang H, Guo J, Zeng M, Chen S. Shootin1 regulates retinal ganglion cell neurite development: insights from an RGC direct somatic cell reprogramming model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024;65(6):41. doi:10.1167/iovs.65.6.41</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Yuelling LW, Waggener CT, Afshari FS, Lister JA, Fuss B. Autotaxin/ENPP2 regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation in vivo in the developing zebrafish hindbrain. Glia. 2012;60(10):1605–1618. doi:10.1002/glia.22381</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Herskovits AZ, Guarente L. SIRT1 in neurodevelopment and brain senescence. Neuron. 2014;81(3):471–483. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Hossain WA, St Peter C, Lovell S, Rafi SK, Butler MG. ZEB2 Gene pathogenic variants across protein-coding regions and impact on clinical manifestations: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(3):1307. doi:10.3390/ijms26031307</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Larti F, Kahrizi K, Musante L, Hu H, Papari E, Fattahi Z, Bazazzadegan N, Liu Z, Banan M, Garshasbi M, et al. A defect in the CLIP1 gene (CLIP‑170) can cause autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Eur J Hum Genet. 2015;23(3):416. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.152</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Yeh ML, Gonda Y, Mommersteeg MT, Barber M, Ypsilanti AR, Hanashima C, Parnavelas JG, Andrews WD. Robo1 modulates proliferation and neurogenesis in the developing neocortex. J Neurosci. 2014;34(16):5717–5731. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4256–13.2014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Monfrini E, Straniero L, Bonato S, Monzio Compagnoni G, Bordoni A, Dilena R, Rinchetti P, Silipigni R, Ronchi D, Corti S, et al. Neurofascin (NFASC) gene mutation causes autosomal recessive ataxia with demyelinating neuropathy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;63:66–72. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.02.045</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Khan A, Sharma P, Dahiya S, Sharma B. Plexins: Navigating through the neural regulation and brain pathology. Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews. 2025;169:105999. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105999</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Duan Y, Wang SH, Song J, Mironova Y, Ming GL, Kolodkin AL, Giger RJ. Semaphorin 5A inhibits synaptogenesis in early postnatal- and adult-born hippocampal dentate granule cells. eLife. 2014;3:e04390. doi:10.7554/eLife.04390</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Assali A, Chenaux G, Cho JY, Berto S, Ehrlich NA, Cowan CW. EphB1 controls long-range cortical axon guidance through a cell non-autonomous role in GABAergic cells. Development. 2024;151(5): dev201439. doi:10.1242/dev.201439</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Xu JC, Xiao MF, Jakovcevski I, Sivukhina E, Hargus G, Cui YF, Irintchev A, Schachner M, Bernreuther C. The extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-R regulates neurogenesis during development and in the adult dentate gyrus of mice. J Cell Sci. 2014;127(Pt 3):641–652. doi:10.1242/jcs.137612</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Saadeldin IM, Tukur HA, Aljumaah RS, Sindi RA. Rocking the Boat: The decisive roles of rho kinases during oocyte, blastocyst, and stem cell development. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:616762. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.616762</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Łuczyńska K, Zhang Z, Pietras T, Zhang Y, Taniguchi H. NFE2L1/Nrf1 serves as a potential therapeutical target for neurodegenerative diseases. Redox Biology. 2024;69:103003. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2023.103003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Sakabe I, Hu R, Jin L, Clarke R, Kasid UN. TMEM33: a new stress-inducible endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein and modulator of the unfolded protein response signaling. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;153(2):285–297. doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3536-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Ma Q, Telese F. Genome-wide epigenetic analysis of MEF2A and MEF2C transcription factors in mouse cortical neurons. Commun Integr Biol. 2015;8(6): e1087624. doi:10.1080/19420889.2015.1087624</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Konopaske GT, Subburaju S, Coyle JT, Benes FM. Altered prefrontal cortical MARCKS and PPP1R9A mRNA expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research. 2015;164(1):100–108. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.02.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Miyata M, Maruo T, Kaito A, Wang S, Yamamoto H, Fujiwara T, Mizoguchi A, Mandai K, Takai Y. Roles of afadin in the formation of the cellular architecture of the mouse hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 2017;79:34–44. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2016.12.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Li X, Serwanski DR, Miralles CP, Nagata K ichi, De Blas AL. Septin 11 is present in GABAergic synapses and plays a functional role in the cytoarchitecture of neurons and gabaergic synaptic connectivity. J Biol Chem. 2009;284(25):17253–17265. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.008870</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Andrade A, Brennecke A, Mallat S, Brown J, Gomez-Rivadeneira J, Czepiel N, Londrigan L. Genetic associations between voltage-gated calcium channels and psychiatric disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(14):3537. doi:10.3390/ijms20143537</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Guo H, Bettella E, Marcogliese PC, Zhao R, Andrews JC, Nowakowski TJ, Gillentine MA, Hoekzema K, Wang T, Wu H, et al. Disruptive mutations in TANC2 define a neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with psychiatric disorders. Nat Commun. 2019;10:4679. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12435-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Khan ZU, Carretero-Rey M, de León-López CAM, Navarro-Lobato I. Memory-associated immediate early genes: roles in synaptic function, memory processes, and neurological diseases. Mol Neurobiol. 2025;62(12):15885–15915. doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05203‑x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Fifre A, Sponne I, Koziel V, Kriem B, Yen Potin FT, Bihain BE, Olivier JL, Oster T, Pillot T. Microtubule-associated protein MAP1A, MAP1B, and MAP2 proteolysis during soluble amyloid beta-peptide-induced neuronal apoptosis. Synergistic involvement of calpain and caspase‑3. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(1):229–240. doi:10.1074/jbc.M507378200</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Tatar CL, Appikatla S, Bessert DA, Paintlia AS, Singh I, Skoff RP. Increased Plp1 gene expression leads to massive microglial cell activation and inflammation throughout the brain. ASN Neuro. 2010;2(4): e00043. doi:10.1042/AN20100016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Guo Z, Liu B, Wei Y, Wang H, Zhang Q, Hong X. The multifaceted role of quaking protein in neuropsychiatric disorders and tumor progression. Front Neurosci. 2024;18:1341114. doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1341114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Li J, Luo W, Xiao C, Zhao J, Xiang C, Liu W, Gu R. Recent advances in endogenous neural stem/progenitor cell manipulation for spinal cord injury repair. Theranostics. 2023;13(12):3966–3987. doi:10.7150/thno.84133</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Adugna DG, Aragie H, Kibret AA, Belay DG. Therapeutic application of stem cells in the repair of traumatic brain injury. Stem Cells Cloning. 2022;15:53–61. doi:10.2147/SCCAA.S369577</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Passeri E, Elkhoury K, Morsink M, Broersen K, Linder M, Tamayol A, Malaplate C, Yen FT, Arab-Tehrany E. Alzheimer's disease: treatment strategies and their limitations. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(22):13954. doi:10.3390/ijms232213954</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, Edwards MJ, Goldstein LH, Hallett M, LaFaver K, LaFrance WC Jr, Lang AE, Nicholson T, et al. Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(9):1132–1141. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1264</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Hussain R, Zubair H, Pursell S, Shahab M. Neurodegenerative diseases: regenerative mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches. Brain Sciences. 2018;8(9). doi:10.3390/brainsci8090177</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Yamaguchi S, Yoshida M, Horie N, Satoh K, Fukuda Y, Ishizaka S, Ogawa K, Morofuji Y, Hiu T, Izumo T, et al. Stem cell therapy for acute/subacute ischemic stroke with a focus on intraarterial stem cell transplantation: from basic research to clinical trials. Bioengineering (Basel). 2022;10(1):33. doi:10.3390/bioengineering10010033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Cherkashova EA, Leonov GE, Namestnikova DD, Solov'eva AA, Gubskii IL, Bukharova TB, Gubskii LV, Goldstein DV, Yarygin KN. Methods of generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and their application for the therapy of central nervous system diseases. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020;168(4):566–573. doi:10.1007/s10517-020-04754-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Clark B, Whitall J, Kwakkel G, Mehrholz J, Ewings S, Burridge J. The effect of time spent in rehabilitation on activity limitation and impairment after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;10(10): CD012612. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012612.pub2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Veneruso V, Rossi F, Villella A, Bena A, Forloni G, Veglianese P. Stem cell paracrine effect and delivery strategies for spinal cord injury regeneration. J Control Release. 2019;300:141–153. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.038</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Hur HJ, Lee JY, Kim DH, Cho MS, Lee S, Kim HS, Kim DW. Conditioned medium of human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural precursor cells exerts neurorestorative effects against ischemic stroke model. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7787. doi:10.3390/ijms23147787</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Chen YT, Tsai MJ, Hsieh N, Lo MJ, Lee MJ, Cheng H, Huang WC. The superiority of conditioned medium derived from rapidly expanded mesenchymal stem cells for neural repair. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):390. doi:10.1186/s13287-019-1491-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Milichko V, Dyachuk V. Novel Glial Cell Functions: Extensive potency, stem cell-like properties, and participation in regeneration and transdifferentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:809. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00809</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Wawrzyniak A, Krawczyk-Marć I, Żuryń A, Walocha J, Balawender K. Diversity, functional complexity, and translational potential of glial cells in the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(18):9080. doi:10.3390/ijms26189080</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Leonov G, Salikhova D, Shedenkova M, Bukharova T, Fatkhudinov T, Goldshtein D. Comparative study of the protective and neurotrophic effects of neuronal and glial progenitor cells-derived conditioned media in a model of glutamate toxicity in vitro. Biomolecules. 2023;13(12):1784. doi:10.3390/biom13121784</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Zakrzewski PK, Boczek T. Neuron–glia crosstalk in the regulation of astrocytic antioxidative mechanisms following CNS injury. Antioxidants (Basel). 2025;14(12):1415. doi:10.3390/antiox14121415</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Chen Y, Qin C, Huang J, Tang X, Liu C, Huang K, Xu J, Guo G, Tong A, Zhou L. The role of astrocytes in oxidative stress of central nervous system: A mixed blessing. Cell Prolif. 2020;53(3): e12781. doi:10.1111/cpr.12781</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Dhandapani KM, Hadman M, De Sevilla L, Wade MF, Mahesh VB, Brann DW. Astrocyte protection of neurons: role of transforming growth factor-β signaling via A c-Jun-AP‑1 protective pathway*. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003;278(44):43329–43339. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305835200</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Salikhova DI, Shedenkova MO, Sudina AK, Belousova EV, Krasilnikova IA, Nekrasova AA, Nefedova ZA, Frolov DA, Fatkhudinov TK, Makarov AV, et al. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of proteins secreted by glial progenitor cells derived from human iPSCs. Front Cell Neurosci. 2024;18:1449063. doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1449063</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Goenaga J, Araque A, Kofuji P, Herrera Moro Chao D. Calcium signaling in astrocytes and gliotransmitter release. Front Synaptic Neurosci. 2023;15:1138577. doi:10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1138577</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Becerra-Calixto A, Cardona-Gómez GP. The Role of Astrocytes in Neuroprotection after Brain Stroke: Potential in Cell Therapy. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017;10:88. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00088</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
