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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50518</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-30-2-233-247</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GSEBMH</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>IMMUNOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИММУНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Highly differentiated cells in the therapy of acute respiratory distress syndrome</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Высокодифференцированные клетки в терапии острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-4820</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2698-1448</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiseleva</surname><given-names>Viktoriia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>victoria.kurnosova.1991@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0020-958X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2436-4104</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Miroshnichenko</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мирошниченко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>victoria.kurnosova.1991@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8650-8240</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3406-3866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vishnyakova</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вишнякова</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>victoria.kurnosova.1991@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-1799</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5421-5520</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosyreva</surname><given-names>Anna M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Косырева</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>victoria.kurnosova.1991@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2392-4439</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5160-9029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Elchaninov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ельчанинов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>victoria.kurnosova.1991@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-5764</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7919-8430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhudinov</surname><given-names>Timur Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхудинов</surname><given-names>Т. Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>victoria.kurnosova.1991@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В.И. Кулакова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына, Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">PHISIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>233</fpage><lpage>247</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-07"><day>07</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kiseleva V.V., Miroshnichenko E.A., Vishnyakova P.A., Kosyreva A.M., Elchaninov A.V., Fatkhudinov T.K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Киселева В.В., Мирошниченко Е.А., Вишнякова П.А., Косырева А.М., Ельчанинов А.В., Фатхудинов Т.Х.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kiseleva V.V., Miroshnichenko E.A., Vishnyakova P.A., Kosyreva A.M., Elchaninov A.V., Fatkhudinov T.K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Киселева В.В., Мирошниченко Е.А., Вишнякова П.А., Косырева А.М., Ельчанинов А.В., Фатхудинов Т.Х.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/50518">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/50518</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe, life-threatening form of acute lung injury with a high mortality rate. In severe cases, pathological changes extend to the systemic level and manifest as cytokine storm syndrome. The lack of effective treatment options underscores the importance of exploring therapeutic approaches, including cell therapy. Interest in this treatment option increased during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as evidenced by the numerous clinical trials registered for the use of cell preparations to treat ARDS. The aim of the study: Thus, this review summarizes preclinical and clinical studies on using highly differentiated cells, including immune system cells, to treat ARDS. To this end, we will describe key points in the pathogenesis of ARDS, including etiologic subtypes and stages, as well as the key cells involved and the results of their use in ARDS therapy. This review highlights the potential of using alveolar cells type 1 and type 2, as well as epithelial cells, for rapid lung regeneration after ARDS. Currently, there are no data describing the use of neutrophils, which trigger primary pathological changes in the lungs, for ARDS treatment. The use of macrophages, which play a key role in ARDS pathogenesis, is limited by their ability to quickly repolarize. Natural killer cells (NK cells), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and invariant natural killer T (iNKT cells) have shown high efficacy in treating ARDS in preclinical and clinical studies. Conclusion. Thus, using NK cells, Tregs, and iNKT cells for ARDS cell therapy seems promising. However, the lack of standardized protocols for preparing and administering cell therapies, as well as small sample sizes, indicate the need for additional studies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Острый респираторный дистресс-синдром (ОРДС) - это тяжелая, угрожающая жизни форма острого поражения легких с высоким уровнем смертности. В тяжелых случаях патологические изменения распространяются на системный уровень и проявляются в виде синдрома цитокинового шторма. Отсутствие эффективных вариантов лечения подчеркивает важность изучения терапевтических подходов, включая клеточную терапию. Интерес к этому варианту лечения возрос во время пандемии SARS-CoV-2, о чем свидетельствуют многочисленные клинические исследования, зарегистрированные для использования клеточных препаратов для лечения ОРДС. Целью исследования стало обобщение доклинических и клинических исследований по использованию высокодифференцированных клеток, включая клетки иммунной системы, для лечения ОРДС. В работе рассмотрены стадии развития ОРДС с точки зрения участвующих в них клеток иммунной системы, а также этиологические подтипы. Описаны существующие на настоящий момент доклинические и клинические исследования использования иммунных клеток в терапии ОРДС. В этом обзоре подчеркивается потенциал использования альвеолярных клеток 1-го и 2-го типов, а также эпителиальных клеток для быстрой регенерации легких после ОРДС. В настоящее время отсутствуют данные, описывающие применение нейтрофилов, вызывающих первичные патологические изменения в легких, для лечения ОРДС. Использование макрофагов, играющих ключевую роль в патогенезе ОРДС, ограничено их способностью к быстрой реполяризации. Естественные клетки-киллеры (NK-клетки), регуляторные Т-клетки (Treg) и инвариантные естественные клетки-киллеры (iNKT-клетки) показали высокую эффективность в лечении ОРДС в доклинических и клинических исследованиях. Выводы. Таким образом, использование NK-клеток, Treg и iNKT-клеток для клеточной терапии ОРДС представляется перспективным. Однако отсутствие стандартизированных протоколов подготовки и введения клеточной терапии, а также небольшой размер выборки указывают на необходимость дополнительных исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ARDS</kwd><kwd>cell therapy</kwd><kwd>macrophage</kwd><kwd>iNKT cells</kwd><kwd>Treg</kwd><kwd>neutrophils</kwd><kwd>clinical trials</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ОРДС</kwd><kwd>клеточная терапия</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>клетки iNKT</kwd><kwd>Treg</kwd><kwd>нейтрофилы</kwd><kwd>клинические испытания</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Государственного задания No. 125050605838-9.</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the state assignment No. 125050605838-9.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zhirov IV, Karavaeva IP, Ogurtsov PP. 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