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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49085</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-30-1-139-158</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EDXHIW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INFECTIOUS DISEASES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНФЕКЦИОННЫЕ БОЛЕЗНИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Bacteriophages: an alternative to antibiotics in the era of antimicrobial resistance</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Бактериофаги: альтернатива антибиотикам в эпоху антибиотикорезистентности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6583-1890</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9611-8403</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khamidulin</surname><given-names>Georgy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хамидулин</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gkhamidulin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1215-8035</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5401-1879</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Paskhalova</surname><given-names>Yulia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пасхалова</surname><given-names>Ю. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gkhamidulin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-0709</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4529-4044</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitish</surname><given-names>Valery A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митиш</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gkhamidulin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1858-9744</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9433-2130</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakov</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушаков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gkhamidulin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0212-5742</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5109-0705</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orujeva</surname><given-names>Saida A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оруджева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gkhamidulin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7068-7421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Magomedova</surname><given-names>Samera D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магомедова</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gkhamidulin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3721-8444</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8370-2111</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Boranenkov</surname><given-names>Vladislav K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бораненков</surname><given-names>В. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gkhamidulin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">SURGERY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ХИРУРГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>139</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-22"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Khamidulin G.V., Paskhalova Y.S., Mitish V.A., Ushakov A.A., Orujeva S.A., Magomedova S.D., Boranenkov V.K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Хамидулин Г.В., Пасхалова Ю.С., Митиш В.А., Ушаков А.А., Оруджева С.А., Магомедова С.Д., Бораненков В.К.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khamidulin G.V., Paskhalova Y.S., Mitish V.A., Ushakov A.A., Orujeva S.A., Magomedova S.D., Boranenkov V.K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хамидулин Г.В., Пасхалова Ю.С., Митиш В.А., Ушаков А.А., Оруджева С.А., Магомедова С.Д., Бораненков В.К.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/49085">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/49085</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Antibiotic resistance is one of the most urgent global health challenges, caused by the widespread and often inappropriate use of antibiotics and by evolutionarily entrenched bacterial adaptation mechanisms. By 2050, antimicrobial resistance is projected to cause up to 10 million deaths annually, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. In this context, bacteriophages - viruses that specifically infect bacteria - emerge as a promising alternative to antibiotics. This review analyzes the primary mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, including β-lactamase-mediated drug inactivation, efflux pump activity, target modification, and horizontal gene transfer, as well as the clinical significance of the ESKAPE pathogen group. We discuss phage classification into lytic and lysogenic types, their morphological characteristics, and life cycles. Special attention is given to modern methods of phage delivery (oral, topical, parenteral, and inhalational) and to phage-host immune interactions, including antibody production and immunomodulatory effects on macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. A dedicated section addresses the clinical applications of phage therapy in surgery and chronic wound management. We summarize outcomes from cardiothoracic, abdominal, and orthopedic surgical settings, combined phage-antibiotic regimens, and the implementation of vacuum-assisted wound therapy with phage instillation, all of which demonstrate accelerated healing, reduced microbial burden, and fewer postoperative complications. Conclusion. Phage therapy offers several advantages - high specificity, efficacy against multidrug-resistant strains, compatibility with antibiotics, and minimal side effects. On the other hand, its broad clinical implementation requires addressing challenges such as standardizing phage preparation manufacturing, establishing centralized phage banks, developing algorithms for strain selection in personalized therapy, and addressing regulatory barriers. Further randomized clinical trials and the creation of an appropriate legal and regulatory framework are essential for the full utilization of phages as an effective tool in the fight against antibiotic resistance.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Антибиотикорезистентность представляет собой одну из наиболее острых глобальных проблем здравоохранения, обусловленную широким и часто нерациональным применением антибиотиков, а также эволюционно закрепленными механизмами адаптации бактерий. По оценкам, к 2050 г. ежегодно из-за устойчивости к противомикробным препаратам будет умирать до 10 млн человек, что требует срочного поиска новых терапевтических стратегий. В этом контексте бактериофаги - вирусы, специфически инфицирующие бактерии - выступают многообещающей альтернативой антибиотикам. В обзоре анализируются ключевые механизмы развития антибиотикорезистентности, включая инактивацию препаратов β-лактамазами, работу эффлюксных насосов, модификацию мишеней и горизонтальный перенос генов, а также особое значение группы ESKAPE патогенов в клинической практике. Рассмотрены классификация фагов на литические и лизогенные, их морфологические особенности и жизненные циклы. Особое внимание уделено современным методам доставки фагов (перорально, местно, парентерально, ингаляционно) и взаимодействию фаговой терапии с иммунной системой хозяина, включая продуцирование антител и иммуномодулирующие эффекты на макрофаги, нейтрофилы и лимфоциты. Отдельный раздел посвящен практическому применению фаготерапии в хирургии и лечении хронических ран: описаны результаты клинических наблюдений в кардиоторакальной, абдоминальной и ортопедической хирургии, применения фагов в сочетании с антибиотиками, а также внедрение вакуум-ассистированной терапии с инстилляцией бактериофагов, что демонстрирует ускорение заживления, снижение микробной обсемененности и количества послеоперационных осложнений. Выводы. Таким образом, терапия бактриофагами обладает рядом преимуществ - высокой специфичностью, эффективностью против мультирезистентных штаммов, возможностью сочетания с антибиотиками и минимальным уровнем побочных эффектов. Вместе с тем ее широкое клиническое внедрение требует решения задач по стандартизации производства фаговых препаратов, созданию централизованных фагобанков, отработке алгоритмов подбора штаммов для персонализированной терапии и преодолению регуляторных барьеров. Дальнейшие рандомизированные клинические исследования и разработка нормативно-правовой базы необходимы для полноценного использования фагов как эффективного инструмента в борьбе с антибиотикорезистентностью.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antimicrobial resistance</kwd><kwd>bacteriophages</kwd><kwd>alternative to antibiotics</kwd><kwd>chronic wound treatment</kwd><kwd>surgery</kwd><kwd>purulent surgery</kwd><kwd>phage therapy</kwd><kwd>multidrug-resistant infections</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>бактериофаги</kwd><kwd>альтернатива антибиотикам</kwd><kwd>лечение хронических ран</kwd><kwd>хирургия</kwd><kwd>гнойная хирургия</kwd><kwd>фаготерапия</kwd><kwd>мультирезистентные инфекции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matalygina OA. 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