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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47649</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-29-4-480-487</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">AHVILO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CYTOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЦИТОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Tumor models in the investigation of oral cancer pathogenesis and treatment development</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Опухолевые модели в изучении патогенеза и разработке методов лечения рака полости рта</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-931X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5207-8330</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tretyakova</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Третьякова</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>trremar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1405-3723</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4517-4433</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prostakishina</surname><given-names>Elizaveta A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Простакишина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>trremar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-3274</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5865-1264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolegova</surname><given-names>Elena S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колегова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>trremar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3651-0665</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2240-8730</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Choinzonov</surname><given-names>Evgeny L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чойнзонов</surname><given-names>Е. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>trremar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-9755</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9498-5797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisov</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисов</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>trremar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">MEDICAL GENETICS</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА</issue-title><fpage>480</fpage><lpage>487</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-17"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Tretyakova M.S., Prostakishina E.A., Kolegova E.S., Choinzonov E.L., Denisov E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Третьякова М.С., Простакишина Е.А., Колегова Е.С., Чойнзонов Е.Л., Денисов Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tretyakova M.S., Prostakishina E.A., Kolegova E.S., Choinzonov E.L., Denisov E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Третьякова М.С., Простакишина Е.А., Колегова Е.С., Чойнзонов Е.Л., Денисов Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/47649">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/47649</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers among neoplasms of the head and neck. Oral cancer is characterized by a poor prognosis, a lack of specific biomarkers and highly effective targeted treatment. Experimental model systems are needed to study oral cancer pathogenesis and develop new treatments. Understanding the molecular features of oral cancer represents one of the key steps in developing new therapeutic strategies. A wide range of biological models is currently available, but their versatility is limited. Experimental models for studying oral cancer have evolved from cell cultures to in vivo systems that mimic pathological processes and the tumor-stroma interactions. Here, we summarized the available information on the current state of experimental oral cancer systems. In vitro models include immortalized and primary cell lines, spheroids and organoids, whereas in vivo models are represented by syngeneic and xenogeneic models, immunocompromised, immunocompetent, humanized, and genetically engineered animals. In vitro models are effective in studying the biology of oral tumors and evaluating the effectiveness of therapy due to high reproducibility and speed of obtaining results. Existing cell lines are widely used for fundamental and translational research and serve as a crucial component in preclinical trials. In vivo models are used in phase II of preclinical research in drug development and thus represent a transitional stage to clinical trials. Conclusion. Despite significant progress in the development of variousexperimental models, each of them has its own advantages and limitations. There is no universal model that allows for the complete extrapolation of the obtained results to the human body. Therefore, when planning research, it is crucial to select carefully the most suitable biological models based on the objectives at hand.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Рак полости рта является одним из распространенных видов рака среди новообразований головы и шеи. Рак полости рта характеризуется плохим прогнозом, отсутствием специфических биомаркеров и высокоэффективного таргетного лечения. Для изучения патогенеза данного заболевания и разработки новых методов лечения необходимы актуальные модельные системы. Понимание молекулярных особенностей рака полости рта представляет собой один из ключевых этапов в разработке новых терапевтических стратегий. В настоящее время доступен широкий спектр биологических моделей, однако их универсальность ограничена. Экспериментальные модели для исследования рака полости рта прошли путь от клеточных культур до систем in vivo, которые имитируют патологические процессы и взаимодействие опухоли и стромы. В данном обзоре мы суммировали доступную информацию о современном состоянии экспериментальных систем рака полости рта. Существующие модели in vitro включают в себя иммортализованные и первичные клеточные линии, трехмерные модели - сфероиды и органоиды. In vivo системы представлены сингенными и ксеногенными моделями, иммунодефицитными, иммунокомпетентными, гуманизированными и генно-инженерными животными. Модельные системы in vitro эффективны в изучении биологии опухолей полости рта и оценки терапевтического агента за счет высокой воспроизводимости и скорости получения результатов. Существующие клеточные линии широко используются для фундаментальных и трансляционных исследований и являются важным звеном в доклинических испытаниях. Традиционные in vivo модели применяют во второй фазе доклинических исследований при разработке лекарственных средств и являются переходным этапом к дальнейшим клиническим испытаниям. Выводы. Несмотря на значительный прогресс в разработке различных экспериментальных моделей, каждая из них имеет свои преимущества и ограничения. Не существует универсальной модели, позволяющей полностью экстраполировать получаемые результаты на человеческий организм. Поэтому при планировании исследований важно тщательно подбирать наиболее подходящие биологические модели, исходя из поставленных задач.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oral cancer</kwd><kwd>in vitro model</kwd><kwd>in vivo model</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак полости рта</kwd><kwd>in vitro модель</kwd><kwd>in vivo модель</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект № 22-15-00308).</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant № 22-15-00308).</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Li Q, Dong H, Yang G, Song Y, Mou Y, Ni Y. Mouse Tumor-Bearing Models as Preclinical Study Platforms for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. 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