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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47646</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-29-4-436-453</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">AAGDLC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MEDICAL GENETICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neuroprotective effect of extracellular vesicles obtained from human glial derivatives on the model of glutamate excitotoxicity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейропротективное действие внеклеточных везикул, полученных из глиальных производных человека на модели глутаматной эксайтотоксичности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7415-1520</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3390-4201</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shedenkova</surname><given-names>Margarita O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шеденкова</surname><given-names>М. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6589-2164</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurianova</surname><given-names>Anastasiia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурьянова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3531-7684</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5225-7878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sudina</surname><given-names>Anastasia K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Судьина</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7885-9892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guguchin</surname><given-names>Egor P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гугучкин</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6771-2163</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8064-2794</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpulevich</surname><given-names>Evgeny A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпулевич</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-5764</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7919-8430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhudinov</surname><given-names>Timur Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхудинов</surname><given-names>Т. Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-1605</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7714-9099</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goldstein</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гольдштейн</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7842-7635</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1436-5027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salikhova</surname><given-names>Diana I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салихова</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>margarita.shedenkova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Медико-генетический научный центр им. Н.П. Бочкова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute for System Programming, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт системного программирования им. В.П. Иванникова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBSI «Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">MEDICAL GENETICS</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА</issue-title><fpage>436</fpage><lpage>453</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-17"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Shedenkova M.O., Gurianova A.A., Sudina A.K., Guguchin E.P., Karpulevich E.A., Fatkhudinov T.K., Goldstein D.V., Salikhova D.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Шеденкова М.О., Гурьянова А.А., Судьина А.К., Гугучкин Е.П., Карпулевич Е.А., Фатхудинов Т.Х., Гольдштейн Д.В., Салихова Д.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shedenkova M.O., Gurianova A.A., Sudina A.K., Guguchin E.P., Karpulevich E.A., Fatkhudinov T.K., Goldstein D.V., Salikhova D.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шеденкова М.О., Гурьянова А.А., Судьина А.К., Гугучкин Е.П., Карпулевич Е.А., Фатхудинов Т.Х., Гольдштейн Д.В., Салихова Д.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/47646">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/47646</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Modern research in the field of biomedicine leads to the development of therapeutic drugs based on extracellular vesicles, which are defined as sources of production, as well as targeted modification. In the presented work, for the first time, transcriptome profiling of primary culture of cortical neurons under the influence of extracellular vesicles obtained from glial cells during glutamate excitotoxicity was carried out in order to determine differentially expressed genes. Materials and Methods. Extracellular vesicles were obtained from the conditioned medium of human glial progenitor cells using ultracentrifugation. Model of glutamate excitotoxicity, distributed on the first cultured cortical neurons of cells (P0) with the addition of 100 μM glutamate. Sequencing of prepared libraries of electronic technologies on the NextSeq 1000 platform (Illumina, USA) using the NextSeq 1000/2000 P2 (200 cycles) v3 reagent kit supplemented with 2 % Phix (Illumina) as an internal control. The criterion for statistical innovation of gene expression change between officially recognized FDR&lt; 0.05. Results and Discussion. Transcriptome analysis showed that the addition of extracellular vesicles during glutamate excitotoxicity leads to increased expression of 190 genes and decreased expression of 309 genes (p value &lt; 0.05 and |FC|&lt; 1.5). Gene analysis using the Gene Onthology database showed that genes with increased expression are consistently classified by biological processes. The most represented were: regeneration, reorganization of the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, maintenance of homeostasis, activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway and response to cellular stress. Genes with reduced expression were consistently classified into groups: calcium transport, regulation of neuronal processes, apoptosis, glutathergic synapse. These data can indicate that. Extracellular vesicles trigger survival processes in nerve cells when exposed to glutamate and inhibit pathways associated with the entry of substances and glutamate into the cell. Conclusions. Extracellular vesicles enhance the expression of genes with survival and inhibit genes, resulting in calcium transport and apoptosis. The results of the study show the promise of using extracellular vesicles of glial origin as a basis for developing new therapeutic approaches to individual neurological diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Современные исследования в области биомедицины уделяют значительное внимание разработке терапевтических препаратов на основе внеклеточных везикул, чье разнообразие определяется как источниками получения, так и возможностью направленной модификации. В представленной работе впервые проведено транскриптомное профилирование первичной культуры кортикальных нейронов при воздействии внеклеточных везикул, полученных от глиальных клеток, при глутаматной эксайтотоксичности с целью выявления дифференциально экспрессируемых генов. Материалы и методы. Внеклеточные везикулы были получены из кондиционированной среды глиальных клеток-предшественников человека с помощью ультрацентрифугирования. Модель глутаматной эксайтотоксичности проводили на первичной культуре кортикальных нейронов крыс (Р0) при добавлении 100 мкМ гутамата. Секвенирование подготовленных библиотек проводили на платформе NextSeq 1000 (Illumina, США) с использованием набора NextSeq 1000/2000 P2 Reagents kit (200 Cycles) v3, дополненного 2 % Phix (Illumina) в качестве внутреннего контроля. Критерием статистической значимости изменения экспрессии гена между группами считался FDR &lt;0.05. Результаты и обсуждение. Транскриптомный анализ показал, что добавление внеклеточных везикул при глутаматной эксайтотоксичности приводило к повышенной экспрессии 190 генов, и к пониженной экспрессии 309 генов (p-value&lt;0,05 и |FC|&lt;1,5). Анализ генов с помощью базы данных Gene Onthology показал, что гены с повышенной экспрессией достоверно классифицировались по биологическим процессам. Из наиболее представленных были: регенерация, реорганизация внеклеточного матрикса и цитоскелета, поддержание гомеостаза, активация PI3K-Akt- пути и ответ на клеточный стресс. Гены с пониженной экспрессией достоверно классифицировались по группам: кальциевый транспорт, регуляция отростков нейронов, апоптоз, глумататергический синапс. Эти данные могу свидетельствовать о том, что внеклеточные везикулы запускают процессы выживания в нервных клетках при воздействии глутамата и ингибируют пути, связанные с поступлением кальция и глутамата в клетки. Выводы. Внеклеточные везикулы усиливают экспрессию генов, связанных с выживанием, и ингибируют гены, отвечающие за кальциевый транспорт и апоптоз. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о перспективности применения внеклеточных везикул глиального происхождения в качестве основы для разработки новых терапевтических подходов к лечению неврологических заболеваний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>extracellular vesicles</kwd><kwd>glutamate excitotoxicity</kwd><kwd>transcriptome analysis</kwd><kwd>glial progenitor cells</kwd><kwd>iPSCs</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внеклеточные везикулы</kwd><kwd>глутаматная эксайтотоксичность</kwd><kwd>транскриптомный анализ</kwd><kwd>глиальные клетки-предшественники</kwd><kwd>иПСК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации KБK: 075 0110 47 2 U8 70440 621. Код научной темы: FSSF‑2025-0004.</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The work is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, budget classification code: 075 0110 47 2 U8 70440 621. Scientific topic code: FSSF‑2025-0004.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>McEntee WJ, Crook TH. Glutamate: its role in learning, memory, and the aging brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1993;111(4). doi:10.1007/BF02253527</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptors: Physiology, pharmacology, and disease. 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