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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">47645</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-29-4-421-435</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">AAFUKT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MEDICAL GENETICS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Single cell RNA sequencing: modern approaches and achievements</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Секвенирование РНК единичных клеток: современные подходы и достижения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5810-098X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4385-0589</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>Artem E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>kofiadi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0642-8723</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernov</surname><given-names>Petr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернов</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>kofiadi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8381-8512</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitriev</surname><given-names>Nikolai A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриев</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>kofiadi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9280-8282</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5730-0925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kofiadi</surname><given-names>Ilya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кофиади</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>kofiadi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">MEDICAL GENETICS</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ГЕНЕТИКА</issue-title><fpage>421</fpage><lpage>435</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-17"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Gusev A.E., Chernov P.V., Dmitriev N.A., Kofiadi I.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Гусев А.Е., Чернов П.В., Дмитриев Н.А., Кофиади И.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gusev A.E., Chernov P.V., Dmitriev N.A., Kofiadi I.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гусев А.Е., Чернов П.В., Дмитриев Н.А., Кофиади И.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/47645">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/47645</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a modern approach to studying the diversity and heterogeneity of RNA transcripts in individual cells, as well as to identifying the composition of different cell types and functions in organisms, organs, and tissues. Based on NGS (next-generation sequencing), scRNA-seq provides a vast amount of information at high cellular resolution in various fields, enabling new discoveries in understanding the composition and interaction patterns of individual cell types in humans, animal models, and plants. Despite its rapid development, optimization, and automation worldwide over the past 15 years, scRNA-seq remains relatively new and has only recently been used in Russia. The challenge of mastering and successfully implementing this method is urgent and critical - it is a powerful tool for in-depth analysis and diagnostics, as demonstrated by the results of studies in which it has been used. The aim of the review was to examine the basic principles and steps of scRNA-seq implementation, both in terms of technical implementation and sample preparation as an extension of the classic NGS method, as well as in terms of the complexity and expansion of data processing, and the use of new algorithms and databases. We examined commercially available scRNA-seq technologies and technologies described in scientific literature that have served as prototypes and alternatives. We also examined examples and results of the use of such technologies in various fields of science and medicine, such as oncology, senescence, diagnostics, and clinical trials. Conclusion. Development and successful application of the scRNA-seq method in scientific and clinical practice will become the key to a wide range of future discoveries and successful accurate personalized diagnostics and healthcare.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность. Метод секвенирования РНК единичных клеток (scRNA-seq) является современным подходом к изучению разнообразия и неоднородности транскриптов РНК в отдельных клетках, а также к выявлению состава различных типов клеток и функций в организмах, органах и тканях. Основанный на методе NGS (секвенирование нового поколения) метод scRNA-seq предоставляет огромный объем информации при глубоком клеточном разрешении в различных областях, позволяя делать новые открытия в понимании состава и паттернов взаимодействия отдельных типов клеток в организме человека, модельных животных и растений. Несмотря на активное развитие, оптимизацию и автоматизацию в течение последних 15 лет по всему миру, в нашей стране метод scRNA-seq является относительно новым и применяется сравнительно недавно. Задача освоения и успешного внедрения в практику данного метода актуальна и критична - метод является мощным инструментом для глубокого анализа и диагностики, о чем свидетельствуют результаты исследований, в которых он применялся. В обзоре представлены основные принципы и шаги реализации метода scRNA-seq как в разрезе технической реализации и пробоподготовки в виде надстройки над классическим методом NGS, так и в усложнении и расширении процесса обработки полученных данных, применения новых алгоритмов и баз данных. Рассмотрены уже имеющиеся на рынке коммерчески доступные технологий scRNA-seq и технологии, описанные в научных источниках, послужившие им в качестве прототипов и альтернатив. Представлены примеры и результаты использования таких технологий в различных областях науки и медицины таких как онкология, сенесценция, диагностика и клинические исследования. Выводы. Разработка и успешное применение метода scRNA-seq в научной и клинической практике станет залогом широкого спектра будущих открытий и основой персонализированной диагностики и здравоохранения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sequencing</kwd><kwd>RNA</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing (NGS)</kwd><kwd>single-cell sequencing (sc-seq, scRNA-seq)</kwd><kwd>cellular heterogeneity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>секвенирование</kwd><kwd>РНК</kwd><kwd>секвенирование нового поколения (NGS)</kwd><kwd>секвенирование единичных клеток (sc-seq, scRNA-seq)</kwd><kwd>клеточная гетерогенность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках Федеральной научно-технической программы развития генетических технологий на 2019–2030 годы (соглашение № 15.ЦГИМУ.25.3.3).</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (the Federal Scientific-technical program for genetic technologies development for 2019–2030 (agreement N 15.ЦГИМУ.25.3.3.)</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hatton IA, Galbraith ED, Merleau NSC, Miettinen TP, Smith BM, Shander JA. 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