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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46811</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-29-1-27-39</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ETIJIQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern understanding of the role of calpains in muscles</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные представления о роли кальпаинов в мышцах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4379-0634</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7910-6021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muzhenya</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муженя</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>dmuzhenya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1179-8938</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6665-0686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysenkov</surname><given-names>Sergey P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысенков</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>dmuzhenya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7493-7192</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5351-3387</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tuguz</surname><given-names>Aminat R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тугуз</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>dmuzhenya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9636-6311</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7173-2685</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shumilov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шумилов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>dmuzhenya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Adyghe State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Адыгейский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Maikop State Technological University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Майкопский государственный технологический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>39</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-01"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Muzhenya D.V., Lysenkov S.P., Tuguz A.R., Shumilov D.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Муженя Д.В., Лысенков С.П., Тугуз А.Р., Шумилов Д.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Muzhenya D.V., Lysenkov S.P., Tuguz A.R., Shumilov D.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Муженя Д.В., Лысенков С.П., Тугуз А.Р., Шумилов Д.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/46811">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/46811</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. The study and understanding of the physiological processes that occur in muscles during physical activity is a crucial area in modern sports physiology. As our theoretical and practical knowledge expands, we realize that the classical ideas about these physiological processes under stress conditions do not provide complete information. To fully comprehend these processes, we need to conduct further analysis and systematize the existing data. This will help us identify key elements that we can influence to regulate the direction and extent of certain physiological processes. One such candidate for this regulation is the calpain protein family (CAPN). Initially, they were associated with regulating signal transmission, but now they are considered proteases involved in the turnover of myofibrillar protein and the proteolytic cleavage of sarcomeric and cytoskeletal proteins. CAPNs are often seen as «harmful» degrading proteases in pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases. However, in reality, they are processing proteases rather than degrading ones. They differ from other major intracellular proteolytic components because they act through proteolytic processing, causing changes in protein activity, localization, or structure. For example, CAPNs can regulate the activity of NOS by suppressing the production of nitric oxide during muscle contractions. This helps prevent the negative consequences caused by excess nitric oxide production. They also reduce the contractile activity of muscles by acting on structures called «triads». Calpains play a significant role in the reparative processes of muscles after physical activity. They regulate the processes of cell membrane repair and the restructuring of protein components in muscle fibers. Another notable difference from classical proteolysis systems, such as ubiquitin - proteasome and autophagic systems that require ATP, is that calpains are ATP-independent. However, uncontrolled activity of calpains can trigger a cascade of proapoptotic systems leading to apoptosis and the death of myocytes. Conclusion . Calpains play an important role in the physiological processes that occur in muscles both in a healthy state and in various pathologies. Thus, the functions of calpains are not limited only to proteolysis (protein breakdown) - they are much broader. Therefore, the study of these enzymes is an important area of research. It will help us identify informative targets for developing treatment methods and monitoring muscle health after intense exercise.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Актуальность . Изучение и понимание физиологических процессов, протекающих в мышцах во время физических нагрузок, является одним из актуальных направлений в современной физиологии спорта. Расширение современных теоретических и практических знаний показывает, что классические представления о физиологических процессах, протекающих в мышцах в условиях нагрузок, не дают исчерпывающей информации. Необходимо проведение дополнительного анализа и систематизации существующих данных с целью выявления ключевых элементов, воздействуя на которые мы можем регулировать направление и степень тех или иных физиологических процессов. Одним из таких кандидатов может быть семейство белков кальпаинов (CAPN). Несмотря на то, что вначале их ассоциировали как регуляторы передачи сигналов, однако в настоящее время их рассматривают как протеазы, которые участвуют в обороте миофибриллярного белка, протеолитическом расщеплении саркомерных и цитоскелетных белков. Хотя CAPN часто характеризуются как «вредные» деградирующие протеазы при патологических состояниях, включая сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, кальпаины на самом деле являются процессинговыми, а не деградирующими протеазами. Они отличаются от других основных внутриклеточных протеолитических компонентов тем, что действуют путем протеолитического процессинга, вызывая модуляцию или модификацию активности, локализации или структуры белка. Например, CAPN способны регулировать активность NOS, подавляя продукцию оксида азота во время мышечных сокращений, что позволяет предотвратить негативные последствия, вызванные его гиперпродукцией. Они способны снижать сократительную активность мышц путем воздействия на так называемые «триады». Кальпаины важны и в репаративных процессах в мышцах после физических нагрузок, регулируя процессы восстановления клеточных мембран и перестройки белковых компонентов мышечного волокна. Еще одной отличительной чертой от классических протеолизных систем, таких как убиквитин-протеасомная и аутофагическая, которым необходима АТФ, является то, что кальпаины - АТФ независимые. Однако неконтролируемая активность кальпаинов может приводить к запуску целого каскада проапоптотических систем, приводящих к апоптозу и гибели миоцитов. Выводы. Кальпаины играют важную роль в физиологических процессах, происходящих в мышцах как в норме, так и при различных патологиях. Функции кальпаинов не ограничиваются только протеолизом (расщеплением белков) - они гораздо шире. Поэтому изучение этих ферментов является важным направлением исследований. Оно поможет нам выявить информативные мишени для разработки методов лечения и контроля состояния мышц после интенсивных нагрузок.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>calpain</kwd><kwd>calcium</kwd><kwd>muscle contraction</kwd><kwd>performance</kwd><kwd>fatigue</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кальпаин</kwd><kwd>кальций</kwd><kwd>мышечное сокращение</kwd><kwd>работоспособность</kwd><kwd>утомление</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. 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