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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">46084</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-29-3-283-301</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OGBXJP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ONCOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОНКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Shaping the future of radiotherapy: the role of electron beams and flash techniques</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Формирование будущего лучевой терапии: роль электронов и FLASH-подхода</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7170-8783</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7012-6284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Parshenkov</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паршенков</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5624-4731</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skovorodko</surname><given-names>Polina P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сковородко</surname><given-names>П. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2283-6372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrusevich</surname><given-names>Danila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрусевич</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3396-6684</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makaeva</surname><given-names>Shagun N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаева</surname><given-names>Ш. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6457-9543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Osipova</surname><given-names>Svetlana G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осипова</surname><given-names>С. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0478-7137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibragimova</surname><given-names>Gumru R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагимова</surname><given-names>Г. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3295-8462</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Istyagina</surname><given-names>Alexandra O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Истягина</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2930-6006</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balaeva</surname><given-names>Kristina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балаева</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0536-9590</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5657-9984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionova</surname><given-names>Galina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионова</surname><given-names>Г. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>misjakj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">ONCOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ОНКОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>283</fpage><lpage>301</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-25"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Parshenkov M.A., Skovorodko P.P., Petrusevich D.A., Makaeva S.N., Osipova S.G., Ibragimova G.R., Istyagina A.O., Balaeva K.A., Rodionova G.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Паршенков М.А., Сковородко П.П., Петрусевич Д.А., Макаева Ш.Н., Осипова С.Г., Ибрагимова Г.Р., Истягина А.О., Балаева К.А., Родионова Г.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Parshenkov M.A., Skovorodko P.P., Petrusevich D.A., Makaeva S.N., Osipova S.G., Ibragimova G.R., Istyagina A.O., Balaeva K.A., Rodionova G.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Паршенков М.А., Сковородко П.П., Петрусевич Д.А., Макаева Ш.Н., Осипова С.Г., Ибрагимова Г.Р., Истягина А.О., Балаева К.А., Родионова Г.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/46084">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/46084</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Radiation therapy (RT) remains a cornerstone of oncology, offering targeted treatment for various cancers. With its roots tracing back to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen and radium research by Marie Curie, RT has evolved into a sophisticated field encompassing a range of techniques. However, the rising global cancer burden highlights the need for continuous advancements to enhance efficacy while minimizing collateral damage. Traditional modalities such as X-rays and gamma rays have established their role in cancer treatment, yet they often lead to unintended damage to healthy tissues. Electron therapy has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging distinct dosimetric properties that enable precise targeting with limited penetration depth. Low-energy electron beams are ideal for superficial tumors, while Very High-­Energy Electrons (VHEEs) extend the reach to deep-seated tumors, rivalling proton and heavy-ion therapies. Furthermore, the FLASH effect — a phenomenon reducing healthy tissue toxicity at ultra-high dose rates, offers a breakthrough in electron therapy, improving patient quality of life. Despite these advancements, challenges persist. Limited penetration depth, secondary radiation from bremsstrahlung, and complexities in dose delivery systems constrain broader clinical adoption. Moreover, unresolved biological uncertainties, such as variability in relative biological effectiveness (RBE), necessitate further research. This review explores the historical evolution, unique benefits, and limitations of electron therapy compared to traditional modalities. It highlights advancements like VHEEs, FLASH therapy, and hybrid approaches, while addressing technological challenges and the future potential of electron beams in oncology. Conclusion. Integrated with recent technological breakthroughs, electron therapy may redefine the future of radiotherapy by offering safer, more precise, and individualized cancer treatment strategies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Лучевая терапия (ЛТ) остается краеугольным камнем в онкологии, предоставляя целенаправленное лечение различных видов злокачественных новообразований (ЗНО). История ее развития уходит корнями к открытию рентгеновских лучей Вильгельмом Рентгеном и исследованиям радия Марии Кюри. Сегодня ЛТ превратилась в сложную область, охватывающую широкий спектр методов. Однако растущая глобальная проблема ЗНО различных органов подчеркивает необходимость постоянных инноваций для повышения эффективности лечения при минимизации побочных эффектов. Традиционные методы, такие как рентгеновские и гамма-лучи, доказали свою значимость в лечении различных видов рака, но тем не менее, часто сопровождаются непреднамеренным повреждением здоровых тканей. Электронная терапия становится перспективной альтернативой благодаря уникальным дозиметрическим характеристикам, обеспечивающим точное воздействие с ограниченной глубиной проникновения. Низкоэнергетические пучки электронов идеально подходят для лечения поверхностных опухолей, в то время как электроны очень высокой энергией (ЭОВЭ) позволяют воздействовать на глубокие опухоли, соперничая с протонной и тяжело-­ионной терапиями. Кроме того, эффект FLASH — феномен, снижающий токсичность для здоровых тканей при сверхвысоких дозах, открывает новые возможности для улучшения качества жизни пациентов. Однако, несмотря на эти достижения в данной области, остаются многочисленные вопросы и вызовы. Ограниченная глубина проникновения, вторичное излучение от тормозного излучения и сложности в системах доставки доз ограничивают широкое клиническое применение. Кроме того, нерешенные биологические вопросы, такие как изменчивость относительной биологической эффективности, требуют дальнейших исследований. Настоящий обзор посвящен обсуждению уникальных преимуществ и ограничений электронной терапии в сравнении с традиционными методами. В нем рассматриваются новейшие достижения (ЭОВЭ, терапия FLASH и гибридные подходы), а также обсуждаются технологические вызовы и будущий потенциал электронных пучков в онкологии. Выводы. Интеграция с последними технологическими достижениями позволяет электронной терапии переосмыслить терапевтические подходы, предлагая более безопасные и персонализированные стратегии лечения злокачественных новообразований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>radiation therapy</kwd><kwd>very high-energy electrons</kwd><kwd>accelerators</kwd><kwd>ultra-high dose rate FLASH therapy</kwd><kwd>oncology</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лучевая терапия</kwd><kwd>электроны очень высокой энергией</kwd><kwd>ускорители частиц</kwd><kwd>сверхвысокодозная терапия</kwd><kwd>онкология</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trofimova OP, Tkachev SI, Yurieva TV. The Past and Present of Radiation Therapy in Oncology. Clinical Oncohematology. Fundamental Research and Clinical Practice. 2013;6(4):355–364. 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