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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">45193</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2025-29-2-190-210</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UHMGYT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CARDIOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КАРДИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system in atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus type 2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Окислительный стресс и система антиоксидантной защиты при атеросклерозе и сахарном диабете 2 типа</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3484-9577</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karyagina</surname><given-names>Victoria E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карягина</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>vypryazhkina.viktoriya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0222-8891</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prutskikh</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пруцких</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>vypryazhkina.viktoriya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8650-8240</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3406-3866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vishnyakova</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вишнякова</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>vypryazhkina.viktoriya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2392-4439</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5160-9029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Elchaninov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ельчанинов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>vypryazhkina.viktoriya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В.И. Кулакова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">CARDIOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">КАРДИОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>190</fpage><lpage>210</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Karyagina V.E., Prutskikh D.V., Vishnyakova P.A., Elchaninov A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Карягина В.Е., Пруцких Д.В., Вишнякова П.А., Ельчанинов А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Karyagina V.E., Prutskikh D.V., Vishnyakova P.A., Elchaninov A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Карягина В.Е., Пруцких Д.В., Вишнякова П.А., Ельчанинов А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/45193">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/45193</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Relevance.</italic> Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death, and the current therapy is imperfect, as it has many side effects, and is ineffective for about a third of patients. In this review, we consider the role of oxidative stress in diseases of atherosclerotic genesis, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. The key targets for molecular and cellular therapy of oxidative stress in diseases of atherosclerotic genesis can be, firstly, receptors localized on the cell membrane, the binding of which to the end products of glycolysis and proinflammatory interleukins leads to the activation of inflammatory cascades; secondly, antioxidant molecules, the content of which must be maintained at an optimal level both by alimentary and local infusion. Since the processes of β-cell damage and death are in most cases mediated by the activity of the NLRP‑3 inflammasome, it is necessary to study possible ways of destabilizing this protein complex, which help prevent the maturation and secretion of interleukins‑1β and –18. <italic>Conclusion.</italic> In addition to direct treatment, careful monitoring of biochemical markers signaling the onset of a pathological process is required, a tool for which can be tests for determining the antioxidant status. In addition, it is recommended to promote a healthy lifestyle among individuals prone to diabetes mellitus 2 and cardiovascular diseases, consisting of reducing the consumption of foods rich in fats and carbohydrates (in parallel with enriching the diet with fiber-rich, vitamins and preventing oxidative stress), increasing beneficial physical activity and quitting smoking.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Актуальность</italic>. Сердечно-сосудистые заболевания находятся на первом месте среди основных причин смертности, а существующая на данный момент терапия несовершенна, так как имеет много побочных эффектов, и в отношении около трети пациентов оказывается неэффективной. В данном обзоре мы рассматриваем роль окислительного стресса при заболеваниях атеросклеротического генеза, таких как сахарный диабет 2 типа и ишемическая болезнь сердца. Ключевыми мишенями для молекулярно-­клеточной терапии окислительного стресса при заболеваниях атеросклеротического генеза могут выступать, во‑первых, локализованные на клеточной мембране рецепторы, связывание которых с конечными продуктами гликолиза и провоспалительными интерлейкинами (IL) приводит к активации воспалительных каскадов; во‑вторых — молекулы-­антиоксиданты, чье содержание необходимо поддерживать на оптимальном уровне как алиментарным, так и локально-­инфузионным путем. Поскольку процессы повреждения и гибели β-клеток в большинстве случаев опосредованы активностью инфламмасомы NLRP‑3, следует изучить возможные способы дестабилизации данного белкового комплекса, способствующие предотвращению созревания и секреции интерлейкинов‑1β и –18. <italic>Выводы.</italic> Помимо непосредственно лечения требуется тщательный мониторинг биохимических маркеров, сигнализирующих о наступлении патологического процесса, инструментом которого могут служить тесты для определения антиоксидантного статуса. Кроме того, рекомендовано пропагандирование здорового образа жизни среди склонных к сахарному диабету 2 и кардиоваскулярным заболеваниям индивидов, заключающееся в снижении потребления богатой жирами и углеводами пищи (параллельно с обогащением рациона богатыми клетчаткой и предупреждающими окислительный стресс витаминами), повышении полезной физической активности и отказе от курения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>diabetes mellitus type 2</kwd><kwd>ischemic heart disease</kwd><kwd>oxidative stress</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>reactive oxygen species</kwd><kwd>interleukins</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 2 типа</kwd><kwd>ишемическая болезнь сердца</kwd><kwd>окислительный стресс</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>активные формы кислорода</kwd><kwd>интерлейкины</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the state task «Development of cell therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with genetically modified M2 macrophages» No. 123030700103-6.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана государственным заданием «Разработка клеточной терапии острого респираторного дистресс-­синдрома (ОРДС) генетически модифицированными М2 макрофагами» № 123030700103-6.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, Baker-­Smith CM, Barone Gibbs B, Beaton AZ, Boehme AK, Commodore-­Mensah Y, Currie ME, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Generoso G, Heard DG, Hiremath S, Johansen MC, Kalani R, Kazi DS, Ko D, Liu J, Magnani JW, Michos ED, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Parikh NI, Perman SM, Poudel R, Rezk-­Hanna M, Roth GA, Shah NS, St-­Onge M-P, Thacker EL, Tsao CW, Urbut SM, Van Spall HGC, Voeks JH, Wang N-Y, Wong ND, Wong SS, Yaffe K, Palaniappan LP. 2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association. 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