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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">42007</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2024-28-4-413-426</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GKJBSB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ONCOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОНКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular genetic signatures of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and their changes induced by proton irradiation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярно-генетические сигнатуры плоскоклеточного рака головы и шеи и их изменения, индуцированные протонным облучением</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-0433</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1780-5326</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Jumaniyazova</surname><given-names>Enar D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джуманиязова</surname><given-names>Э. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>enar2017@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-219X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6966-9959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sentyabreva</surname><given-names>Alexandra V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сентябрева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>enar2017@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-1799</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5421-5520</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosyreva</surname><given-names>Anna M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Косырева</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>enar2017@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8077-2307</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4521-2250</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lokhonina</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лохонина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>enar2017@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В.И. Кулакова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">ONCOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ОНКОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>413</fpage><lpage>426</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Jumaniyazova E.D., Lokhonina A.V., Sentyabreva A.V., Kosyreva A.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Джуманиязова Э.Д., Лохонина А.В., Сентябрева А.В., Косырева А.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Jumaniyazova E.D., Lokhonina A.V., Sentyabreva A.V., Kosyreva A.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Джуманиязова Э.Д., Лохонина А.В., Сентябрева А.В., Косырева А.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/42007">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/42007</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is the seventh most common malignancy in the world. The overall incidence of HNSCC is increasing and is projected to increase by about 30 % annually by 2030. Clinically, HNSCC is characterized by an aggressive course: rapid local spread, resistance to various methods of antitumor treatment, and frequent recurrences. Despite improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches over the last two decades, mainly due to the respective heterogeneity of these tumors, the outcomes of patients with HNSCC have not shown significant improvements, especially for patients with late TNM stage, with an overall five-year survival rate of 50 %. Approximately 75 % of HNSCC patients are treated with radiation therapy either alone or as part of a comprehensive treatment regimen. To date, one of the main ways to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy in HNSCC is considered to be a combination of maximum allowable increase of radiation dose in the target tumor and reduction and minimization of such dose in the surrounding healthy tissues. From this point of view, proton therapy (PT) has a pronounced advantage over various types of photon irradiation. Despite the growing interest of scientists in PT, studies aimed at identifying molecular and genetic changes induced by PT are scarce, while in our opinion they are very important for understanding intracellular mechanisms leading either to tumor cell destruction or to the development of radioresistance. This review summarizes the available knowledge on the changes in the main signaling pathways of HNSCC tumor cells under the influence of PT.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Плоскоклеточный рак головы и шеи (ПРГШ) занимает седьмое место в десятке наиболее распространенных злокачественных новообразований в мире. Отмечается рост общей заболеваемости ПРГШ, и прогнозируется, что к 2030 году она будет увеличиваться примерно на 30 % ежегодно. Клинически ПРГШ характеризуется агрессивным течением: быстрым локальным распространением, резистентностью к различным методам противоопухолевого лечения и частыми рецидивами. Несмотря на усовершенствования диагностических и терапевтических подходов за последние два десятилетия, главным образом из-за соответствующей гетерогенности этих опухолей исходы пациентов с ПРГШ не показали существенных улучшений, особенно в отношении пациентов с поздней стадией TNM, с общей пятилетней выживаемостью составляющей 50 %. Примерно 75 % пациентов ПРГШ назначается лучевая терапия в качестве самостоятельного вида терапии или в составе комплексного лечения. На сегодняшний день одним из основных путей повышения эффективности лучевой терапии при ПРГШ считается сочетание максимально допустимого повышения дозы облучения в опухоли-мишени и снижения при минимизации таковой в окружающих здоровых тканях. С этой точки зрения протонная терапия (ПТ) обладает выраженным преимуществом по сравнению с различными видами фотонного облучения. Несмотря на растущий интерес ученых к ПТ, исследований, направленны на выявление молекулярно-генетических изменений, индуцированных ПТ, недостаточно, тогда как, на наш взгляд, они очень важны для понимания внутриклеточных механизмов, ведущих либо к уничтожению опухолевых клеток, либо к развитию радиорезистентности. В данном обзоре обобщены имеющиеся знания об изменениях основных сигнальных путей опухолевых клеток ПРГШ под действием ПТ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>head and neck squamous cell cancer</kwd><kwd>proton therapy</kwd><kwd>protons</kwd><kwd>signaling pathways</kwd><kwd>signaling cascade</kwd><kwd>molecular genetic signatures</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плоскоклеточный рак головы и шеи</kwd><kwd>протонная терапия</kwd><kwd>протоны</kwd><kwd>сигнальные пути</kwd><kwd>сигнальный каскад</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетические сигнатуры</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the tripartite agreement of the Russian Science Foundation № 24-24-00296 dated 29.12.2023 on the project “The effect of proton therapy on the molecular portrait of the microenvironment of head and neck tumors” of the competition 2023 “Conducting basic scientific research and search scientific research by small individual scientific groups” between RSCF, Lokhonina A.V. and RUDN.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке трехстороннего соглашения Российского научного фонда № 24–24–00296 от 29.12.2023 по проекту «Влияние протонной терапии на молекулярный портрет микроокружения опухолей головы и шеи» конкурса 2023 года «Проведение фундаментальных научных исследований и поисковых научных исследований малыми отдельными научными группами» между РНФ, Лохониной А.В. и РУДН.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. 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