RUDN Journal of MedicineRUDN Journal of MedicineВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина2313-02452313-0261Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)3971810.22363/2313-0245-2024-28-1-246-255ZUTIHVCYTOLOGYЦИТОЛОГИЯReview ArticleTraumatic brain injury: basic cellular mechanisms and new approaches to therapyЧерепно-мозговая травма: основные клеточные механизмы и новые подходы к терапииhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3531-76845225-7878SudinaAnastasiia K.СудьинаА. К.sudyina-ak@rudn.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-5850-8460GrinchevskaiaLidiia R.ГринчевскаяЛ. Р.sudyina-ak@rudn.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2438-16057714-9099GoldsteinDmitry V.ГольдштейнД. В.sudyina-ak@rudn.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-57647919-8430FatkhudinovTimur H.ФатхудиновТ. Х.sudyina-ak@rudn.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7842-76351436-5027SalikhovaDiana I.СалиховаД. И.sudyina-ak@rudn.ruRUDN UniversityРоссийский университет дружбы народовFederal State Budgetary Institution Research Centre for Medical GeneticsМедико-генетический научный центр им. Н.П. Бочкова29062024282CARDIOLOGYКАРДИОЛОГИЯ24625529062024Copyright ©; 2024, Sudina A.K., Grinchevskaia L.R., Goldstein D.V., Fatkhudinov T.H., Salikhova D.I.Copyright ©; 2024, Судьина А.К., Гринчевская Л.Р., Гольдштейн Д.В., Фатхудинов Т.Х., Салихова Д.И.2024Sudina A.K., Grinchevskaia L.R., Goldstein D.V., Fatkhudinov T.H., Salikhova D.I.Судьина А.К., Гринчевская Л.Р., Гольдштейн Д.В., Фатхудинов Т.Х., Салихова Д.И.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/39718

Relevance. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious medical problem and one of the leading causes of disability and mortality among military personnel and civilians. It is known that about 1.5 million people in the world die from TBI every year, while about 2.5–3 million lose work capacity. In Russia, one million people are diagnosed with TBI every year, among which one in five gets group I or II disability. Despite significant efforts in research, effective TBI treatment methods are still limited, as TBI leads to a wide range of pathological changes in brain tissues. Primary brain damage is an acute and irreversible mechanical damage to the parenchyma of the nervous tissue. Among subsequent secondary processes are excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, axon degeneration, and neuroinflammation. These processes are often long and can take from several days to several years. Recent advances in cell therapy are opening up new perspectives for the treatment of this condition. The current review examines the main cellular mechanisms of TBI acute and chronic phases, as well as the treatment prospects for the use of stem cells for. Analysis of recent studies on the use of cell therapy in TBI is presented. Various types of stem cells such as neural stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells and others are considered in the context of their potential to repair damaged brain tissues. Special attention is paid to the cells action mechanisms in the regeneration process, including their effect on inflammation, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. The issue of using paracrine factors secreted by stem cells as a potential drug for traumatic brain injuries treatment is addressed. Conclusion. Сell therapy, as well as the use of products secreted by cells, is one of the new and promising ways of treating TBI.

Черепно-мозговая травма (ЧМТ) представляет серьезную медицинскую проблему и является одной из ведущих причин инвалидности и смертности среди военнослужащих и гражданского населения. Известно, что ежегодно в мире от ЧМТ погибает порядка 1,5 млн человек, при этом около 2,5–3 млн теряют трудоспособность. В России каждый год ЧМТ диагностируется у 1 млн человек, среди которых каждый пятый становится инвалидом I или II группы. Несмотря на значительные усилия в области исследований эффективные методы лечения ЧМТ до сих пор остаются ограниченными, так как ЧМТ характеризуется широким спектром патологических изменений в тканях головного мозга. Первичное повреждение головного мозга представляет собой острое и необратимое механическое повреждение паренхимы нервной ткани. Последующие процессы вторичного включают в себя эксайтотоксичность, митохондриальную дисфункцию, окислительный стресс, дегенерацию аксонов и нейровоспаление. Эти процессы часто растягиваются во времени и могут занимать от нескольких дней до нескольких лет. Недавние достижения в области клеточной терапии открывают новые перспективы для терапии этого состояния. В данном обзоре рассмотрены основные клеточные механизмы острой и хронической фаз ЧМТ, а также перспективы применения стволовых клеток для терапии данного заболевания. Представлен анализ последних исследований, посвященных применению клеточной терапии при ЧМТ. Рассматриваются различные типы стволовых клеток, такие как нейральные стволовые клетки, мезенхимальные стромальные клетки и другие в контексте их потенциала для восстановления поврежденных тканей мозга. Особое внимание уделяется механизмам действия клеток в процессе регенерации, включая их влияние на воспаление, нейрогенез, и синаптическую пластичность. Рассматривается использование паракринных факторов, выделяемых стволовыми клетками, в качестве потенциального препарата для терапии черепно-мозговых травм. Выводы. Клеточная терапия, а также использование продуктов, секретируемыми клетками, являются новыми и многообещающими способами лечения ЧМТ.

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