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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">37172</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-4-459-469</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ITZWHG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Experimental models of tumor growth in soft tissue sarcomas</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экспериментальные модели опухолевого роста при саркомах мягких тканей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-931X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5207-8330</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tretyakova</surname><given-names>Mariia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Третьякова</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>trremar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2179-5685</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3546-0527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bokova</surname><given-names>Ustinya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бокова</surname><given-names>У. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>trremar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2633-9884</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5523-8156</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korobeynikova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коробейникова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>trremar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2923-9755</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9498-5797</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisov</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисов</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>trremar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tomsk National Research Medical Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">PHYSIOLOGY. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>459</fpage><lpage>469</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-22"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Tretyakova M.S., Bokova U.A., Korobeynikova A.A., Denisov E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Третьякова М.С., Бокова У.А., Коробейникова А.А., Денисов Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tretyakova M.S., Bokova U.A., Korobeynikova A.A., Denisov E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Третьякова М.С., Бокова У.А., Коробейникова А.А., Денисов Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37172">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/37172</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Soft tissue sarcomas are rare tumors (about 1 % of all malignant neoplasms) and include more than 70 histological subtypes, the pathogenetic features of which remain unclear. This is largely due to both quantity and volume of clinical material and high heterogeneity of the disease. Given the rarity and heterogeneity of each individual subtype of soft tissue sarcoma, there is an urgent need to develop universal model systems to understand the molecular changes that determine tumor biology. Such systems include CDX models (cell line-derived xenograft), created from cell lines, PDX (patient-derived xenograft), obtained from primary tumor/metastasis cells, both a whole fragment of surgical material and from a cell suspension; humanized animals containing various human immune cells, and GEM (genetically engineered mouse) models, which are created through transfection of genetic changes characteristic of different subtypes of soft tissue sarcomas. To create these systems, not only widely available mouse models are used, but also other animals, such as fish (Danio rerio) , rats, pigs, and dogs. Another important goal of using animal models is to screen the effectiveness of modern drugs. To date, treatment of various subtypes of soft tissue sarcomas is based on standard protocols of chemotherapy (doxorubicin, epirubicin, dacarbazine, ifosfamide) and surgical resection. In the case of inoperable forms or late stages of soft tissue sarcomas, animal models are a potential tool in predicting the effectiveness of therapy and personalized selection of treatment regimens. In this regard, studies of the mechanisms of targeted action on specific molecules and the use of humanized animals for the development of new approaches to immunotherapy are of particular relevance. The current review discusses animal model systems of the three most common types of soft tissue sarcomas: liposarcomas, undifferentiated pleomorphic and synovial sarcomas, as well as the use of these models to find new therapeutic solutions. Conclusion. Currently, PDX and GEM models are widely used to identify molecules and signaling pathways involved in the development of sarcomas, identify tumor-initiating cells, and assess the chemoresistance of known drugs and new drugs at the level of the entire tumor ecosystem. However, the key problems of animal models of soft tissue sarcomas remain changes in their composition and phenotype compared to the original tumor, poor survival of surgical material, and lack of cellular immunity in immunocompetent models, high cost, and the length of time it takes to create and maintain the model. A solution to one of the problems may be the use of humanized animals with PDX, which implies the presence in the model of immune, stromal and tumor components that are as close as possible to the human body.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Саркомы мягких тканей представляют собой редкие опухоли (около 1 % от всех злокачественных новообразований) и включают более 70 гистологических подтипов, патогенетические особенности которых остаются до конца невыясненными. Во многом это связано как с количеством и объемом клинического материала, так и с высокой гетерогенностью заболевания. Учитывая редкость каждого отдельного подтипа сарком мягких тканей и гетерогенность, остро стоит вопрос о необходимости разработки универсальных модельных систем для понимания молекулярных изменений, определяющих биологию опухоли. К таким системам относят CDX-модели (cell line-derived xenograft), созданные из клеточных линий, PDX (patient-derived xenograft), полученные из клеток первичной опухоли/метастаза как целого фрагмента операционного материала, так и из клеточной суспензии; гуманизированные животные, содержащие различные человеческие иммунные клетки, и GEM (генно-модифицированные модели), которые создаются посредством трансфекции генетических изменений, характерных для различных подтипов сарком мягких тканей. Для создания тест систем используются не только широкодоступные мышиные модели, но и другие животные, такие как рыбы Danio rerio , крысы, свиньи и собаки. Другой важной задачей применения животных моделей является скрининг эффективности современных лекарственных препаратов. На сегодняшний день лечение различных подтипов сарком мягких тканей основано на стандартных протоколах химиотерапии (доксорубицин, эпирубицин, дакарбазин, ифосфамид) и хирургической резекции. В случае неоперабельных форм или поздних стадий сарком мягких тканей животные модели являются потенциальным инструментом в предсказании эффективности терапии и персонализированного подбора схем лечения. В этом плане особую актуальность представляют исследования механизмов таргетного воздействия на специфические молекулярные мишени и применение гуманизированных животных для разработки новых подходов иммунотерапии. В данном обзоре обсуждаются животные модельные системы трех наиболее распространенных типов сарком мягких тканей: липосарком, недиференцированных плеоморфных и синовиальных сарком, а также применение данных моделей для поиска новых терапевтических решений. Выводы. В настоящее время находят широкое применение PDX и GEM модели, позволяющие идентифицировать молекулы и сигнальные пути, вовлеченные в развитие сарком, выявлять опухоль-инициирующие клетки, оценивать химиорезистентность известных препаратов и новых лекарственных средств на уровне целостной опухолевой экосистемы. Тем не менее, ключевыми проблемами животных моделей саркомы мягких тканей остаются изменение их состава и фенотипа по сравнению с исходной опухолью, плохая приживаемость операционного материала, отсутствие клеточного иммунитета в иммунокомпетентных моделях, дороговизна, длительность создания и поддержания модели. Решением одной из проблем может стать использование гуманизированных животных с PDX, что подразумевает наличие в модели иммунного, стромального и опухолевого компонентов, максимально приближенных к человеческому организму.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>soft tissue sarcomas</kwd><kwd>in vivo models</kwd><kwd>therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>саркомы мягких тканей</kwd><kwd>in vivo модели</kwd><kwd>терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 23–65–00003).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (проект&#13;
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