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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">36105</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-3-391-402</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PYFVNB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROBIOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Long exposure impact of antibiotics subinhibitory doses and silver nanoparticles on uropathogenic bacteria</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние длительного воздействия субингибирующих доз антибиотиков и наночастиц серебра на уропатогенные бактерии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9626-9247</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mbarga</surname><given-names>Manga J.A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мбарга</surname><given-names>М. Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>josepharsenembarga@yahoo.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9581-5381</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5385-0884</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Marouf</surname><given-names>Razan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маруф</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>josepharsenembarga@yahoo.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-2967</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7255-4454</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Podoprigora</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подопригора</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>josepharsenembarga@yahoo.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6219-0004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anyutoulou</surname><given-names>Kitio L.D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анютулу</surname><given-names>К. Л. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>josepharsenembarga@yahoo.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3871-9200</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chapurin</surname><given-names>Yuri V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чапурин</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>josepharsenembarga@yahoo.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0932-5376</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharova</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>josepharsenembarga@yahoo.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">PHYSIOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>391</fpage><lpage>402</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-28"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Mbarga M.J., Marouf R., Podoprigora I.V., Anyutoulou K.L., Chapurin Y.V., Sharova I.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Мбарга М.Д., Маруф Р., Подопригора И.В., Анютулу К.Л., Чапурин Ю.В., Шарова И.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mbarga M.J., Marouf R., Podoprigora I.V., Anyutoulou K.L., Chapurin Y.V., Sharova I.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мбарга М.Д., Маруф Р., Подопригора И.В., Анютулу К.Л., Чапурин Ю.В., Шарова И.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/36105">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/36105</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance. Although the primary purpose of using antibiotics is to treat infectious diseases, their misuse gradually leads to loss of their effectiveness. The aim of the current investigation was to explore the changes that occur in uropathogenic bacteria after long exposure to antimicrobials. Materials and Methods. We compared the effects of long-term exposure to ampicillin, cefazoline, kanamycin and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on susceptibility, biofilm formation and planktonic bacteria in 4 clinical uropathogenic strains namely Escherichia coli (UPEC), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Streptococcus agalactiae (St. agalactiae). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the microplate mircodilution method and bacteria were exposed to increasing concentrations of each antimicrobial (from MIC/2 to MIC) prepared in the brain heart infusion broth for 8 days. The susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics was assessed using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and the biofilm formation was assessed using crystal violet bacterial attachment assay. Results and Discussion. The data in this investigation highlight that long-term exposure to antimicrobials may induce changes in susceptibility to other antibiotics and biofilm formation in Uropathogenic strains. Indeed, exposure to ampicillin made E. faecalis resistant to ceftazidime and St agalactiae resistant to tetracycline, ceftazidime/clavulanate and ceftazidime. Following exposure to cefazolin, a significant decrease in susceptibility was observed in E. coli to ceftazidime/clavulanate and ceftazidime while S. aureus became resistant to ceftazidime/clavulanate, ceftazidime and to ceftriaxone. Similar variations were observed on St agalactiae and E. faecalis, which in addition to the 3 antibiotics above-mentioned, have become resistant to tetracycline. The most significant variations in susceptibility to antibiotics were observed following exposure to kanamycin: E. coli developed resistance to ceftazidime and a decrease in sensitivity was noted on ceftazidime/clavulanate while S. aureus, E. faecalis and St. agalactiae all 3 became resistant to ceftazidime/clavulanate and ceftazidime. In addition, except for E. coli all the bacteria in this investigation which had undergone successive passages in AgNPs developed resistance to ceftazidime/ clavulanate and ceftazidime. Bacteria exposed to ampicillin and cefazolin produced more biofilms than their respective controls. Conclusion. Long term exposure of uropathogens to antibiotics and AgNPs induces significant changes in susceptibility to other antibiotics and biofilm formation and antibiotics should therefore only be used when necessary.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Актуальность. В последние годы все более нерациональное использование антибиотиков привело к потере их эффективности. Цель исследования. Настоящее исследование было направлено на изучение изменений, происходящих у уропатогенных бактерий после длительного воздействия противомикробных препаратов. Материалы и методы. Мы оценили влияние длительного воздействия ампициллина, цефазолина, канамицина и наночастиц серебра (AgNP) на чувствительность к другим антибиотикам, образование биопленок и планктонные бактерии у 4 клинических уропатогенных штаммов, а именно Escherichia coli (UPEC), Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis и Streptococcus agalactiae. Минимальные ингибирующие концентрации (МИК) определяли с использованием метода микроразведений на микропланшетах, и бактерии подвергали воздействию увеличивающихся концентраций каждого противомикробного препарата (от МИК/2 до МИК) в течение 8 дней. Чувствительность бактерий к антибиотикам оценивали с использованием метода дисковой диффузии Кирби-Бауэра, а образование биопленки оценивали с помощью анализа прикрепления бактерий кристаллическим фиолетовым. Результаты и обсуждение. В результате воздействие ампициллина сделало E. faecalis устойчивым к цефтазидиму, а St agalactiae - к тетрациклину, цефтазидиму/клавуланату и цефтазидиму. После воздействия цефазолином наблюдалось значительное снижение чувствительности E. coli к цефтазидиму/клавуланату и цефтазидиму, в то время как S. aureus приобретала устойчивость к цефтазидиму/клавуланату, цефтазидиму и цефтриаксону. Аналогичные вариации наблюдались у St. agalactiae и E. faecalis, которые в дополнение к трем вышеупомянутым антибиотикам стали устойчивыми к тетрациклину. Наиболее значительные изменения в чувствительности к антибиотикам наблюдались после воздействия канамицина: у E. coli развилась устойчивость к цефтазидиму и снижение чувствительности было отмечено к цефтазидиму/клавуланату, в то время как S. aureus, E. faecalis и St agalactiae все 3 стали устойчивыми к цефтазидиму/клавуланат и цефтазидим. Кроме того, за исключением E. coli, все бактерии в этом исследовании, подвергшиеся последовательным пассажам в AgNP, выработали устойчивость к цефтазидиму/клавуланату и цефтазидиму. Бактерии, подвергшиеся воздействию ампициллина и цефазолина, продуцировали больше биопленок, чем их соответствующие контроли. Выводы. Длительное воздействие антибиотиков и AgNP на уропатогены вызывает значительные изменения в чувствительности к другим антибиотикам и образование биопленок.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>long exposure</kwd><kwd>antibiotics</kwd><kwd>silver nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>biofilm</kwd><kwd>adaptation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>длительное воздействие</kwd><kwd>антибиотики</kwd><kwd>наночастицы серебра</kwd><kwd>биопленка</kwd><kwd>адаптация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Penesyan A, Paulsen IT, Gillings MR, Kjelleberg S, Manefield MJ. Secondary Effects of Antibiotics on Microbial Biofilms. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020;11:2109. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02109.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Joseph AMM, Jorelle AB, Sarra S, Podoprigora IV, Davares AK, Ingrid NK, Carime BZ. 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