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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">36104</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2023-27-3-379-390</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PZXLKU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROBIOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Antibacterial activity of Clove Syzygium aromaticum L. and synergism with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Антибактериальная активность экстракта гвоздики Syzygium aromaticum L. и синергизм его действия с антибиотиками по отношению к уропатогенным кишечным палочкам с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9581-5381</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Marouf</surname><given-names>Razan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маруф</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>razanma3rouf@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6472-3644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermolaev</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермолаев</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>razanma3rouf@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-2967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Podoprigora</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подопригора</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>razanma3rouf@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4981-0149</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Senyagin</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сенягин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>razanma3rouf@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9626-9247</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mbarga</surname><given-names>Manga J.A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мбарга</surname><given-names>М. Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>razanma3rouf@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">PHYSIOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>379</fpage><lpage>390</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-09-28"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Marouf R., Ermolaev A.A., Podoprigora I.V., Senyagin A.N., Mbarga M.J.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Маруф Р., Ермолаев А.В., Подопригора И.В., Сенягин А.Н., Мбарга М.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Marouf R., Ermolaev A.A., Podoprigora I.V., Senyagin A.N., Mbarga M.J.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Маруф Р., Ермолаев А.В., Подопригора И.В., Сенягин А.Н., Мбарга М.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/36104">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/36104</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance. Urinary tract infections pose a growing threat to humanity due to the rise of antibiotic resistance in uropathogens. Exploring natural sources for alternative treatments has become a prominent approach. The aim of the research was to investigate the antibacterial effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) against uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). Materials and Methods. The research was performed on three clinical multidrug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli isolates and E. coli ATCC 25922. Clove hydroalcoholic extract was obtained by cold maceration technique. To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the extract, agar well diffusion method was performed. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extract were determined by microbroth dilution method. Light microscopy was used to investigate morphological changes in uropathogenic E. coli after exposure to clove extract. Checkerboard assay was used to assess synergism between clove extract and antibiotics. All obtained data were statistically processed. Results and Discussion. In well diffusion method, bacterial responses to clove extract were concentration-dependent with inhibition zone diameter of 7-10/10-15 mm for uropathogenic strains and E. coli ATCC 25922, respectively. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of clove extract against uropathogenic strains were 25 mg/mL. The extract showed a lower minimum inhibitory concentration against E. coli ATCC 25922 (6.25 mg/ mL) with minimum bactericidal concentration being 25 mg/mL. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations ratio showed that clove extract tends to be bactericidal agent. Synergy test revealed that the combination of clove extract and nitrofurantoin or ciprofloxacin resulted in no interaction. However, minimum inhibitory concentrations of all tested agents in combinations exhibited varying degrees of decrease. Incubation of uropathogenic strains with the extract transformed them to unstable spherical L-form in percentage of 96-99 %. Conclusion. This study highlights clove as a potential natural antibacterial agent against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli, warranting further investigations into its antibacterial properties.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Актуальность. Инфекции мочевыводящих путей представляют растущую угрозу человечеству из-за роста устойчивости уропатогенов к антибиотикам. Изучение природных источников для альтернативных методов лечения стало важным подходом. Цель исследования заключалась в изучении антибактериального действия гвоздики (Syzygium aromaticum L.) по отношению к уропатогенным E. coli. Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на трех клинических изолятах уропатогенных E. coli с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью и E. coli ATCC 25922. Водно-спиртовой экстракт гвоздики получен методом холодной мацерации. Для оценки антибактериального действия экстракта применяли диффузионный метод в агаровых лунках. Минимальную ингибирующую и минимальную бактерицидную концентрации экстракта определяли методом микроразбавления бульона. С помощью световой микроскопии исследовали морфологические изменения уропатогенных E. coli после воздействия экстракта гвоздики. Для оценки синергизма между экстрактом гвоздики и антибиотиками использовали метод шахматной доски. Все полученные данные были статистически обработаны. Результаты и обсуждение. При использовании диффузионного метода в агаровых лунках действие экстракта на бактерии зависело от его концентрации при диаметре зоны задержки роста 7-10/10-15 мм для уропатогенных штаммов и E. coli ATCC 25922, соответственно. Минимальную ингибирующую и минимальную бактерицидную концентрации экстракта гвоздики по отношению к уропатогенным штаммам составляла 25 мг/мл. Экстракт показал более низкую минимальную ингибирующую концентрацию на E. coli ATCC 25922 (6.25 мг/ мл) при минимальной бактерицидной концентрации, составляющей 25 мг/мл. Соотношение минимальной ингибирующей и минимальной бактерицидной концентраций показало, что экстракт гвоздики обладает бактерицидным действием. Тест на синергизм показал, что комбинация экстракта гвоздики и нитрофурантоина или ципрофлоксацина не приводила к взаимодействию. Однако минимальные ингибирующие концентрации всех протестированных агентов в комбинациях снижались в разной степени. Инкубирование уропатогенных штаммов с экстрактом трансформировало их в нестабильную сферическую L-форму в процентном соотношении 96-99 %. Выводы. Это исследование подчеркивает гвоздику как потенциальное природное антибактериальное средство по отношению к уропатогенным E. coli с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью, что требует дальнейшего изучения ее антибактериальных свойств.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>clove</kwd><kwd>Syzygium aromaticum</kwd><kwd>urinary tract infections</kwd><kwd>uropathogenic Escherichia coli</kwd><kwd>phytochemicals</kwd><kwd>antibacterial agent</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>Syzygium aromaticum</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гвоздика</kwd><kwd>инфекции мочевыводящих путей</kwd><kwd>уропатогенные кишечные палочки</kwd><kwd>фитохимические вещества</kwd><kwd>антибактериальное средство</kwd><kwd>устойчивость к антибиотикам</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cortés-Rojas DF, de Souza CRF, Oliveira WP. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. 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