RUDN Journal of MedicineRUDN Journal of MedicineВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина2313-02452313-0261Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)3298910.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-4-353-363GINECOLOGYГИНЕКОЛОГИЯReview ArticlePlacenta: an organ with high energy requirementsПлацента: орган с высокими энергетическими потребностямиhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6154-9481ShestakovaMaia A.ШестаковаМ. А.vpa2002@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8650-8240VishnyakovaPolina A.ВишняковаП. А.vpa2002@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-5764FatkhudinovTimur Kh.ФатхудиновТ. Х.vpa2002@mail.ruNational Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. KulakovНациональный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В.И. КулаковаAvtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal state budgetary scientific institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына Российского научного центра хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского23122022264GINECOLOGYГИНЕКОЛОГИЯ35336323122022Copyright ©; 2022, Shestakova M.A., Vishnyakova P.A., Fatkhudinov T.K.Copyright ©; 2022, Шестакова М.А., Вишнякова П.А., Фатхудинов Т.Х.2022Shestakova M.A., Vishnyakova P.A., Fatkhudinov T.K.Шестакова М.А., Вишнякова П.А., Фатхудинов Т.Х.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/32989

Placenta is a unique organ, without which the very phenomenon of human pregnancy is impossible. Semiallogeneous nature, localization of the placenta, complex and heterogeneous cellular composition determines its complex and multifaceted role in the course of physiological pregnancy, indicates the importance of studying this organ in a number of reproductive pathologies. The purpose of this review was to analyze the literature sources illustrating the importance of energydependent processes in placental metabolism and to determine the molecular basis of placental energy conversion. Publications of foreign and Russian authors from PubMed database and scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.ru were used when writing the review. The review highlights the main functions of the placenta: transport and synthetic functions in terms of their place in the structure of energy expenditure of the organ. The systems by which the transport of ions and gases from maternal blood through the placental barrier is performed, are considered. The role of the placenta in the synthesis of steroid hormones and glucocorticoids is detailed. The main bioenergetic systems are also considered: placental glucose metabolism, the functional activity of mitochondria and the creatine kinase system of the placenta. These data allow us to put the placenta on a par with other organs with high energy requirements (brain, transverse striated skeletal muscles, heart, kidneys, liver), which are most susceptible to metabolic disorders. Maintaining a balance between expenditure and synthesis of macroergic compounds in the placenta is critical for an adequate course of physiological pregnancy, and imbalances can lead to such pathologies as fetal retardation syndrome or preeclampsia. Further study of placental energy supply systems seems important for understanding the mechanisms of intrauterine development disorders and developing their pathogenetic treatment.

Плацента - это уникальный орган, без которого невозможен сам феномен беременности человека. Полуаллогенная природа, локализация плаценты, сложный и гетерогенный клеточный состав определяют ее сложную и многогранную роль в протекании физиологической беременности, указывают на важность изучения этого органа при ряде репродуктивных патологий. В рамках данного обзора перед нами стояла цель - провести анализ литературных источников, иллюстрирующих значение энергозависимых процессов в метаболизме плаценты, определить молекулярные основы плацентарной конвертации энергии. При написании обзора были использованы публикации зарубежных и отечественных авторов из базы данных PubMed и научной электронной библиотеки eLIBRARY.ru. В обзоре освещены основные функции плаценты: транспортная и синтетическая функции с точки зрения их места в структуре энергетических затрат органа. Рассмотрены системы, с помощью которых происходит транспорт ионов и газов из крови матери через плацентарный барьер. Детализирована роль плаценты в синтезе стероидных гормонов и глюкокортикоидов. Также рассматриваются основные биоэнергетические системы: плацентарный метаболизм глюкозы, функциональная активность митохондрий и креатинкиназная система плаценты. Приведенные данные позволяют поставить плаценту в один ряд с другими органами с высоким уровнем энергетических потребностей (головной мозг, поперечнополосатая скелетная мускулатура, сердце, почки, печень), которые наиболее подвержены метаболическим нарушениям. Поддержание баланса между расходом и синтезом макроэргических соединений в плаценте является критическим для адекватного протекания физиологической беременности, а нарушения баланса может привести к таким патологиям, как синдром задержки развития плода или преэклампсия. Дальнейшее изучение плацентарных систем энергообеспечения представляется важным для понимания механизмов нарушений внутриутробного развития и разработки их патогенетического лечения.

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