RUDN Journal of MedicineRUDN Journal of MedicineВестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина2313-02452313-0261Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)3102ArticlesСтатьиDiet and lifestyle guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease and diabetes amog elderly personsРекомендации по диете и образу жизни для предупреждения сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и диабета у людей пожилого возрастаSinghR BСингхР БHalberg Hospital and Research InstituteГоспиталь и Исследовательский Институт Ф. Халбергаdrkk@dataone.inChibisovS MЧибисовСергей МихайловичКафедра общей патологии и патологической физиологии; Российский университет дружбы народов; People's Friendship University of RussiaКафедра общей патологии и патологической физиологии; Российский университет дружбы народовkalcna@mail.ruFrolovV AФроловВиктор АлексеевичКафедра общей патологии и патологической физиологии; Российский университет дружбы народов; People's Friendship University of RussiaКафедра общей патологии и патологической физиологии; Российский университет дружбы народовrudnvestnik@yandex.ru, frolov@medl.rudn.ruShastunS AШастунСергей АнтоновичКафедра нормальной физиологии; Российский университет дружбы народов; People's Friendship University of RussiaКафедра нормальной физиологии; Российский университет дружбы народовsshastun@mail.ruHalberg Hospital and Research InstituteГоспиталь и Исследовательский Институт Ф. ХалбергаPeople's Friendship University of RussiaРоссийский университет дружбы народов150220122NO2 (2012)№2 (2012)71207092016Copyright ©; 2012, Сингх Р.Б., Чибисов С.М., Фролов В.А., Шастун С.А.2012Сингх Р.Б., Чибисов С.М., Фролов В.А., Шастун С.А.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/3102Elderly subjects have unique nutrient needs with revised recommended dietary reference intakes based on age, sex, ethnicity and special vulnerability to compromised nutrient status. The food intake tends to decrease with advancing age due to decreased physical activity and metabolic rate. However vitamin; A, E, C, B vitamins and beta-carotine and minerals magnesium, calcium, selenium, chromium, zinc and copper as well as w-3 fatty acids needs either remain constant or increase. Omega-3 fatty acid, calcium, vitamin D and magnesium and antioxidant intakes are inversely associated with ageing and other complications like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and dementia as well as cancers. It is pertinent to advise to eat 400 g/day of fruits, vegetables and nuts and another 400 g/day of whole grains in conjunction with 25-40 g/day of canola oil or mustered oil, depending upon energy requirement, for prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.У пожилых людей есть специальные пищевые потребности, существенно отличающиеся от рекомендованных диетическими справочниками и пособиями, которые учитывают пол, этническую принадлежность и текущее функциональное состояние.
Рацион питания имеет тенденцию к сокращению с увеличением возраста в связи со снижением уровня физической активности и скорости метаболизма. Однако витамины A, E, C, B и бета-каротин и такие микроэлементы как магний, кальций, селен, хром, цинк и медь, так же как Oмега-3 жирные кислоты должны или оставаться на прежнем уровне или увеличиваться. Потребление Омега-3 жирных кислот, кальций, витамин D, магния и антиоксидантов должно иметь обратно пропорциональную зависимость со старением и такими заболеваниями как сердечно-сосудистые болезни, диабет, слабоумие, а также онкологические заболевания. Для того чтобы реализовывать эти рекомендации, необходимо, чтобы суточный рацион включал 400 г фруктов, овощей и орехов различного вида, а также 400 г цельных зерен в сочетании с 25-40 г масла канолы в зависимости от суточных энерготрат с целью предотвращения сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и диабета второго типа.ageingolder populationfoodsnutritionchronic diseasesстарениестаршее населениепродуктыпищахронические[Singh RB, Rastogi V, Singh R et al. Magnesium and antioxidant vitamins status and risk of complications of ageing in an elderly urban population // Magnesium Res 1996; 9: 299-306.][Singh RB, Rao RS, Thakur AS, Srivastav S, Niaz MA, Shinde SN. Prevalence and risk factors of cognitive deficits and dementia in relation to socioeconomic class in an elderly population of India // J Anti Ageing Med 1999; 2: 141-8.][Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Rastogi V et al. Blood pressure trends, plasma insulin levels, and risk factors in rural and urban elderly populations of north India // Coron Artery Dis 1997; 8: 463-8.][World Health Organisation: Global Health Observatory Database: Country Statistics. 2011. [<http://apps.who.int/ghodata/?theme=country>]][Demographic and Health Surveys: Country Reports. 2011. [http://www.measuredhs.com/ countries/]][Singh RB and Indian Consensus Group. Indian consensus for prevention of hypertension and coronary artery disease. A scientific statement of the Indian Society of Hypertension and International College of Nutrition // J Nutr Environ Med 1996; 6: 309-18.][Siri PW, Vewrhoef P, Kok FJ. Vitamin B6, B12, and folate: association with plasma total homocysteine and risk of coronary atherosclerosis // J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17(5); 435-441.][Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women // N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1637-1642.][Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances Be Revised? Washington, DC. National Academy Press,1994.][Buitrago-Lopez A., Sanderson J., Johnson L., Warnakula S., Wood A., Di Angelantonio E., Franco OH. Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis // BMJ. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875885?dopt=Abstract> 2011 Aug 26; 343:d4488. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4488.][Singh RB, Pella D, Kartikey K, DeMeester F, et al., and the Five City Study Group. Prevalence of obesity, physical inactivity and undernutrition, a triple burden of diseases,during transition in a middle income country. Acta Cardiol 2007, 62:119-127.][Singh RB, Fedacko J, Pella D, Macejova Z et al. Prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in five Indian citie // Acta Cardiol 2011; 66:29-37.][Singh RB, De Meester F, Wilkzynska A. The Tsim Tsoum Approaches for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiology Research and Practice 2010; ID 824938, 18 pages; doi:10.4061/2010/824938 s.][Singh RB, Fadecko J, Pellad D, De Meester F, Moshiri M, Aroussy WE. Superfood dietary approaches for acute myocardial infarction. World Heart J 2010;2: 13-23.][Viola Vargova, Viola Mechirova, Jan Fedacko, Rafai Ryber, Daniel Pella, Agnieska Wilczynska, Fabien De Meester, Ram B Singh. Can nut consumption modulate cardiovascular disease? Report of a case and review of literature. The Open Nutra J 2011.][Singh RB, Singh Sushav, Fedacko J, Pella D, De Meester F. Pranayam Yoga Breathing Practices Modulate the Mind-Body Connection // Int J disability Human Dev 2009; 8:141-153.][Pella D, Otsuka K, Singh RB. Metabolic syndrome: A disease of the brain.The Open Nutr J 2011.][De Meester F. Progress in lipid nutrition. In Simopoulos AP, De Meester F (eds), A Balanced Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty acid Ratio. Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease // World Rev Nutr Diet, Basel, Karger 2009; 100:110-121.][Simopoulos AP. Evolutionary aspects of the dietary omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio: medical implications. In Simopoulos AP, De Meester F (eds), A Balanced Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty acid Ratio. Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease // World Rev Nutr Diet, Basel, Karger 2009; 100:1-21.][Eaton SB, Konner M, Shostak M. Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective // Am J Med 1988; 84: 739-749.][He FJ, Nowson CA, Lucas M and MacGregor GA. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies // Journal of Human Hyperten 2007; 21, 717-728.][Katcher HI, Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Gillies PJ, Demers LM, Bagshaw DM, Kris-etherton PM. The effects of whole grain-enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with metabolic syndrome // Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87:79-90.][Singh RB, DeMeester F, Mechirova V, Pella D, Otsuka K. Fatty acids in the causation and therapy of metabolic syndrome.In Wild Type Foods in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, editors Fabien De Meester and RR Watson, Humana Press, NJ 2008, p 263-284.][Heidemann C, Schulze MB, Franco OH, van Dam RM, Mantzoros CS, Hu. FB. Dietary Patterns and Risk of Mortality From Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All Causes in a Prospective Cohort of Women // Circulation. 2008; 118:230-237.][De Logeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction. Final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study // Circulation 1999; 99:779-785.][Singh RB, Dubnov G, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Singh R, Rastogi SS, Manor O, Pella D, Berry EM. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary disease in high risk patients: a randomized single blind trial // Lancet 2002,360:1455-1461.][Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verma R, Bolaki L, and Singh R. An Indian experiment with nutritional modulation in acute myocardial infarction // Am J Cardiol 1992, 69: 879-885][Singh RB, Pella D, DeMeester F. What to eat and chew in acute myocardial infarction // Eur Heart J 2006, 27:1628-29.][Ridker PM, Danieison E, Fonseka FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJP, Koenig W, Libby P, Lor AJ, MacFadyen JG, Nordestgaard BG, Shepherd J, Willerson JT. Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial // Lancet March 2009 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60447-5]