<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27534</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2021-25-3-181-195</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PULMONOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПУЛЬМОНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Novel approaches to increase resistance to acute respiratory infections</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные методы увеличения сопротивляемости острым респираторным инфекциям</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6186-2462</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guryanova</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гурьянова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>svgur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryashova</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудряшова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>svgur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kataeva</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Катаева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>svgur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orozbekova</surname><given-names>Bubusaira T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орозбекова</surname><given-names>Б. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>svgur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-3408</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnikova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесникова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>svgur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-5528</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chuchalin</surname><given-names>Alexandr G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чучалин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>svgur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biochemical Physics named after N.M. Emanuel of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт Биохимической Физики им. Н.М. Эмануэля Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kyrgyz State Academy of Physical Culture and Sports</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кыргызская государственная академия физической культуры и спорта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кубанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">PULMONOLOGY</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ПУЛЬМОНОЛОГИЯ</issue-title><fpage>181</fpage><lpage>195</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-10-02"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Guryanova S.V., Kudryashova N.A., Kataeva A.A., Orozbekova B.T., Kolesnikova N.V., Chuchalin A.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Гурьянова С.В., Кудряшова Н.А., Катаева А.А., Орозбекова Б.Т., Колесникова Н.В., Чучалин А.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Guryanova S.V., Kudryashova N.A., Kataeva A.A., Orozbekova B.T., Kolesnikova N.V., Chuchalin A.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гурьянова С.В., Кудряшова Н.А., Катаева А.А., Орозбекова Б.Т., Колесникова Н.В., Чучалин А.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/27534">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/27534</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">Relevance . Respiratory infections are the most common in the world. In order to prevent epidemics, there is a need to improve the strategies for organizing medical care and develop new approaches in order to increase the nonspecific resistance, mobilize innate immunity. Objective . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide (GMDP) on the level of expression of markers of differentiation and activation of functionally significant subpopulations of dendritic cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors,the second aim was to assess the effectiveness of GMDP in the prevention of acute respiratory infections in an unfavorable epidemiological period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods . An open comparative study included 309 apparently healthy participants, aged 19-22 years. At the first stage of the study, 42 participants (22 female and 20 male) took the drug Licopid 1 mg for 10 days according to the instructions, 1 tablet 3 times a day in order to prevent acute respiratory infections. Peripheral blood sampling was performed before taking the drug (day 0) and the next day after the last dose of the drug (day 12). Evaluation of the expression of markers of differentiation and activation of dendritic cell subpopulations HLA-DR, CD11c, CD123, CD80, CD83, CCR7, CD3, CD14, CD20 was assessed by flow cytometry. At the same time, mRNA was isolated from mononuclear cells of perfusion blood and, after reverse transcription, the level of gene expression was determined by RT PCR. At the next stage, the effectiveness of the prophylactic use of the drug Licopid in 267 students of the Institute of Physical Culture was assessed in order to prevent acute respiratory infections in an unfavorable epidemiological period; the observation period was 12 months. Results and Discussion . A study of the relative quantitative composition of DCs in the peripheral blood of healthy donors by flow cytometry revealed the possibility of an increase in their total number, as well as subpopulations of MDC and PDC under the influence of GMDP. There was a statistically significant increase in the receptors for the chemokine CCR7, which is responsible for the recruitment of DCs to the secondary lymphoid organs. Analysis of the levels of expression of genes XCR1, CD11b , and CD103 showed a statistically significant effect of GMDP on an increase in their expression compared to the baseline level (before GMDP intake), with the mean value being higher in participants undergoing moderate exercise. It was found that the use of the drug Licopid 1mg for the purpose of preventing and reducing the seasonal incidence of acute respiratory infections at the stage of basic training of students of the Institute of Physical Culture contributed to a decrease in the incidence of acute respiratory infections within 12 months of observation after taking the drug. The number of episodes of acute respiratory infections decreased 3.7 times, while the group with 3 or more episodes of acute respiratory infections during the year, which constituted 14.5 % of participants, completely disappeared. The maximum efficiency of GMDP was observed in the track and field command, in which the number of participants who had no episodes of acute respiratory infections during the year increased by 7 times. Conclusion . Our data complement the modern understanding of the molecular mechanism of action of GMDP and substantiate the possibility of its experimental and clinical use in order to develop new strategies for organizing medical care in order to increase the nonspecific resistance of the organism.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Актуальность . Респираторные инфекции являются наиболее распространенными в мире. В целях предотвращения эпидемий возникает необходимость в совершенствовании стратегий организации медицинской помощи и разработке новых подходов с целью повышения неспецифической резистентности организма, мобилизации врожденного иммунитета. Целью настоящего исследования явилось изучение влияния глюкозаминилмурамилдипептида (ГМДП) на уровень экспрессии маркеров дифференцировки и активации функционально значимых субпопуляций дендритных клеток в мононуклеарных клетках периферической крови здоровых доноров, а также оценка эффективности ГМДП при профилактике острых респираторных инфекций в не благоприятный эпидемиологический период. Материалы и методы . Открытое сравнительное исследование включало 309 условно здоровых участников, возраст 19-22 года. На первом этапе исследования 42 участника (22 девушки и 20 юношей) принимали в течение 10 дней препарат ликопид 1 мг согласно инструкции по 1 таблетке 3 раза в день с целью профилактики острых респираторных инфекций. Отбор периферической крови производили до приема препарата (день 0) и на следующий день после последнего приема препарата (день 12-й). Оценку экспрессии маркеров дифференцировки и активации субпопуляций дендритных клеток HLA-DR, CD11c, CD123, CD80, CD83, CCR7, CD3, CD14, CD20 оценивали методом проточной цитометрии. Параллельно выделяли мРНК из мононуклеарных клеток перриферической крови и после обратной транскрипции определяли уровень экспрессии генов методом RT PCR. На следующем этапе оценивалась эффективность профилактического применения препарата ликопид у 267 студентов Института физической культуры с целью предотвращения острых респираторных инфекций в не благоприятный эпидемиологический период, период наблюдения составил 12 месяцев. Результаты и обсуждение . Исследование относительного количественного состава ДК в периферической крови здоровых доноров методом проточной цитометрии выявило возможность увеличения их общего количества, а также субпопуляций МДК и ПДК под действием ГМДП. Наблюдалось статистически значимое повышение рецепторов хемокина CCR7, ответственного за рекрутирование ДК во вторичные лимфоидные органы. Анализ уровней экспрессию генов XCR1, CD11b и CD103 показал статистически значимый эффект воздействия ГМДП на увеличение их экспрессии по сравнению с исходным уровнем (до приема ГМДП), причем среднее значение оказалось выше у участников эксперимента, испытывающих умеренные физические нагрузки. Обнаружено, что применение препарата ликопид 1мг с целью профилактики и снижения сезонной заболеваемости ОРЗ на этапе базовой подготовки спортсменов способствовало снижению заболеваемости ОРЗ в течение 12 месяцев наблюдения после приема препарата. Количество эпизодов ОРЗ в анамнезе уменьшилось в 3,7 раз, при этом полностью исчезла группа с 3 и более эпизодами ОРЗ в течение года, составлявшая 14.5 % спортсменов. Наибольшая эффективность ГМДП наблюдалась в группе легкой атлетики, в которой количество участников исследования, не имевших эпизодов ОРЗ в течение года, увеличилось в 7 раз. Выводы . Полученные данные дополняют современные представления молекулярного механизма действия ГМДП и обосновывают возможность его экспериментального и клинического применения для разработки новых стратегий организации медицинской помощи с целью повышения неспецифической резистентности организма.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>glucosaminyl muramyl dipeptide</kwd><kwd>GMDP</kwd><kwd>mucosal immunity</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd><kwd>acute respiratory infections</kwd><kwd>dendritic cells</kwd><kwd>CD80</kwd><kwd>CD83</kwd><kwd>CCR7</kwd><kwd>CD103</kwd><kwd>XCR1</kwd><kwd>CD11b</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>глюкозаминилмурамилдипептид</kwd><kwd>ГМДП</kwd><kwd>мукозальный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd><kwd>острые респираторные инфекции</kwd><kwd>дендритные клетки</kwd><kwd>CD80</kwd><kwd>CD83</kwd><kwd>CCR7</kwd><kwd>CD103</kwd><kwd>XCR1</kwd><kwd>CD11b</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Troy NM, Bosco A. Respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics. Respir Res. 2016;17:156. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0474-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuchalin AG. COVID-19 and human security. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2021;93(3):253-254. DOI: 10.26442/004 03660.2021.03.200717 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чучалин АГ. COVID-19 и безопасность человека. Терапевтический архив. 2021;93(3):253-254.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Andersson DI, Balaban NQ, Baquero F, Courvalin P, Glaser P, Gophna U, Kishony R, Molin S, Tønjum T. Antibiotic resistance: turning evolutionary principles into clinical reality. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2020;44(2):171-188. DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaitov RM. Immunomodulators: myths and reality. Immunologiya. 2020;41(2):101-106. DOI: 10.33029/0206-4952-2020-41-2-101-106 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хаитов Р.М. Иммуномодуляторы: мифы и реальность. Иммунология. 2020 № 41(2). С.101-106. DOI: 10.33029/0206-4952-2020-41-2-101-106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Lavelle E, Murphy C, O’Neill L, Creagh EM. The role of TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs in mucosal innate immunity and homeostasis. Mucosal Immunol. 2010;3:17-28. DOI: 10.1038/mi.2009.124</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaitov RM. Immunology: structure and function of immune system. Textbook. 2nd, renewed. M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2019. 328 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хаитов Р.М. Иммунология: структура и функции иммунной системы: учебное пособие. 2-е изд., перераб. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2019. 328 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guryanova SV, Makarov EA, Meshcheryakova EA. Immunostimulating properties of GMDP and its analogues. 1st AllUnion Immunological Congress (Sochi, July 15-17, 1989). Abstract Book. M: 1989;1:297. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гурьянова С.В., Макаров Е.А., Мещерякова Е.А. Иммуностимулирующие свойства ГМДП и его аналогов. I-ый Всесоюзный иммунологический съезд (Сочи, 15-17 июля 1989 г.). Тезисы докладов. М., 1989. Т. 1. С. 297.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova S, Shvydchenko I, Kudryashova N. Bacterial agonist of innate immunity LPS regulates spontaneous and induced production of alfa defensins of human neutrophils in vitro. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2019;74(Suppl.106): 794. TP1556. DOI: 10.1111/all.13961</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Benko S, Magyarics Z, Szabó A, Rajnavölgyi E. Dendritic cell subtypes as primary targets of vaccines: the emerging role and cross-talk of pattern recognition receptors. Biol Chem. 2008;389(5):469-85. DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.054.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova SV, Khaitov RM. Strategies for Using Muramyl Peptides - Modulators of Innate Immunity of Bacterial Origin - in Medicine. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12:607178. DOI: 0.3389/ fimmu.2021.607178</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Guryanova S, Udzhukhu V and Kubylinsky A. Pathogenetic Therapy of Psoriasis by Muramyl Peptide. Front. Immunol. 2019;10:1275. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01275</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Xiao Q, Li X, Li Y, Wu Z, Xu C, Chen Z, He W. Biological drug and drug delivery-mediated immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2021;11(4):941-960. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Rechkina EA, Denisova GF, Masalova OV, Lideman LF, Denisov DA, Lesnova EI, Ataullakhanov RI, Gur’ianova SV, Kushch AA. Epitope mapping of antigenic determinants of hepatitis C virus proteins by phage display. Mol Biol (Mosk). 2006;40(2):357-68. PMID: 16637277</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova V.V., Govorova L.V., Vershinina E.N. The effect of immunomodulatory therapy on the metabolic response of lymphocytes in ARVI patients against the background of herpes infection. Childhood infections. 2006;5(2):6-11. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванова B.В., Говорова Л.В., Вершинина Е.Н. Влияние иммуномодулирующей терапии на метаболический ответ лимфоцитов у больных ОРВИ на фоне герпетического инфицирования. Детские инфекции. 2006. Т. 5. № 2. С. 6-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serkova N.A., Serkov I.L., Kulakov A.V. The use of a new domesticimmunocommodator Likopid to reduce seasonal incidence. Immunologiya. 2000;3: 62-63. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Серкова Н.А., Серков И.Л., Кулаков А.В. Использование новогоотечественного иммуномодулятора Ликопида для снижения сезонной заболеваемости // Иммунология. 2000. № 3. С. 62-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hintzen G, Ohl L, del Rio ML, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Pabst O, Kocks JR. Induction of tolerance to innocuous inhaled antigen relies on a CCR7-dependent dendritic cell-mediated antigen transport to the bronchial lymph node. J Immunol. 2006;177:7346-54. DOI: 10.4049/ jimmunol.177.10.7346</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Granot T, Senda T, Carpenter DJ, Matsuoka N, Weiner J, Gordon CL, Miron M, Kumar BV, Griesemer A, Ho SH, Lerner H, Thome JJC, Connors T, Reizis B, Farber DL. Dendritic Cells Display Subset and Tissue-Specific Maturation Dynamics over Human Life. Immunity. 2017;46(3):504-515. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.02.019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Nat. Immunol. 2015;16:343-53. DOI: 10.1038/ni.3123.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Jongbloed SL, Lebre MC, Fraser AR, Gracie JA, Sturrock RD, Tak PP, McInnes IB. Enumeration and phenotypical analysis of distinct dendritic cell subsets in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(1): R15. DOI: 10.1186/ar1864.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Chrisikos TT, Zhou Y, Slone N, Babcock R, Watowich SS, Li HS. Molecular regulation of dendritic cell development and function in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer. Mol Immunol. 2019;110:24-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ehrentraut S, Sauss K, Neumeister R, Luley L, Oettel A, Fettke F, Costa S-D, Langwisch S, Zenclussen AC and Schumacher A (2019) Human Miscarriage Is Associated With Dysregulations in Peripheral Blood-Derived Myeloid Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front. Immunol. 10:2440. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02440</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Sarkar S, Fox DA. Dendritic cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Biosci. 2005 Jan 1;10:656-65. doi: 10.2741/1560. PMID: 15569606</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Falaleeva SA, Kurilin VV, Shkaruba NS, Chumasova OA, Sizikov AE, Sennikov SV. Subtype characterics of dendritic cells from peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Medical Immunology. 2013;15(4):343-350.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Steinman RM. Decisions about dendritic cells: past, present, and future. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2012;30:1-22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Riol-Blanco L, Sánchez-Sánchez N, Torres A, Tejedor A, Narumiya S, Corbí AL, Sánchez-Mateos P, Rodríguez-Fernández JL. The chemokine receptor CCR7 activates in dendritic cells two signaling modules that independently regulate chemotaxis and migratory speed». Journal of Immunology. 2005;174(7):4070-80. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4070</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Ohl L, Mohaupt M, Czeloth N, Hintzen G, Kiafard Z, Zwirner J, et al. CCR7 governs skin dendritic cell migration under inflammatory and steady-state conditions. Immunity. 2004;21:279-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.06.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Kurobe H, Liu C, Ueno T, Saito F, Ohigashi I, Seach N, et al. CCR7-dependent cortex-to-medulla migration of positively selected thymocytes is essential for establishing central tolerance. Immunity. 2006;24:165-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.12.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Worbs T, Bode U, Yan S, Hoffmann MW, Hintzen G, Bernhardt G. Oral tolerance originates in the intestinal immune system and relies on antigen carriage by dendritic cells. J Exp Med. 2006;203:519-27. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20052016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Worbs T, Hammerschmidt SI, Förster R. Dendritic cell migration in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(1):30-48.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Ohta T, Sugiyama M, Hemmi H, Yamazaki C, Okura S, Sasaki I. Crucial roles of XCR1-expressing dendritic cells and the XCR1-XCL1 chemokine axis in intestinal immune homeostasis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23505. DOI: 10.1038/srep23505</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kroczek RA, Henn V (2012). «The Role of XCR1 and its Ligand XCL1 in Antigen Cross-Presentation by Murine and Human Dendritic Cells». Frontiers in Immunology. 3: 14. doi:10.3389/ fimmu.2012.00014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kroczek RA, Henn V (2012). «The Role of XCR1 and its Ligand XCL1 in Antigen Cross-Presentation by Murine and Human Dendritic Cells». Frontiers in Immunology. 3: 14. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Alexandre YO, Ghilas S, Sanchez C, Le Bon A, Crozat K, Dalod M. XCR1+ dendritic cells promote memory CD8+ T cell recall upon secondary infections with Listeria monocytogenes or certain viruses. J Exp Med. 2016;213(1):75-92. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142350</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Lei Y, Ripen AM, Ishimaru N, Ohigashi I, Nagasawa T, Jeker LT, Bösl MR, Holländer GA, Hayashi Y, Malefyt Rde W, Nitta T, Takahama Y. Aire-dependent production of XCL1 mediates medullary accumulation of thymic dendritic cells and contributes to regulatory T cell development. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2011. 208(2):383-94. DOI:10.1084/jem.20102327</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Denning TL, Norris BA, Medina-Contreras O, Manicassamy S, Geem D, Madan R, KarpC L, Pulendran B. Functional specializations of intestinal dendritic cell and macrophage subsets that control Th17 and regulatory T cell responses are dependent on the T cell/APC ratio, source of mouse strain, and regional localization. J Immunol. 2011;187(2):733-747. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1002701</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Lehmann J, Huehn J, de la Rosa M, Maszyna F, Kretschmer U, Krenn V, Brunner M, Scheffold A, Hamann A. Expression of the integrin alpha Ebeta 7 identifies unique subsets of CD25+ as well as CD25-regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(20):13031-6. DOI:10.1073/pnas.192162899</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Johansson-Lindbom B, Svensson M, Pabst O, Palmqvist C, Marquez G, Förster R, Agace WW. Functional specialization of gut CD103+ dendritic cells in the regulation of tissue-selective T cell homing. J. Exp. Med. 2005;202(8):1063-73. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051100</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Allakhverdi Z, Fitzpatrick D, Boisvert A, Baba N, Bouguermouh S, Sarfati M, Delespesse G. Expression of CD103 identifies human regulatory T-cell subsets. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006;118(6):1342-9. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.07.034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>del Rio ML, Bernhardt G, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Förster R. Development and functional specialization of CD103+ dendritic cells. Immunol Rev. 2010;234(1):268-81. DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00874.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Ho AW, Prabhu N, Betts RJ, Ge MQ, Dai X, Hutchinson PE, et al. Lung CD103+ dendritic cells efficiently transport influenza virus to the lymph node and load viral antigen onto MHC class I for presentation to CD8 T cells. J Immunol. 2011;187:6011-21. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100987</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Helft J, Manicassamy B, Guermonprez P, Hashimoto D, Silvin A, Agudo J. Cross-presenting CD103+ dendritic cells are protected from influenza virus infection. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:4037-47. DOI: 10.1172/JCI60659</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Xiao Y, Li H, Mao L, Yang QC, Fu LQ, Wu CC, Liu B, Sun ZJ. CD103+ T and Dendritic Cells Indicate a Favorable Prognosis in Oral Cancer. Journal of Dental Research. 2019:002203451988261. DOI: 10.1177/0022034519882618</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Denning TL, Wang YC, Patel SR, Williams IR, Pulendran B. Lamina propria macrophages and dendritic cells differentially induce regulatory and interleukin 17-producing T cell responses. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:1086-1094.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Rescigno M, Urbano M, Valzasina B, Francolini M, Rotta G, Bonasio R, Granucci F, Kraehenbuhl JP, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria. Nat Immunol. 2001;2:361-367.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Meshcheryakova E, Guryanova S, Makarov E, Alekseeva L, Andronova T, Ivanov V. Prevention of experimental septic shock by pretreatment of mice with muramyl peptides. Int Immunopharmacol. 2001;1(9-10):1857-65. DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00111-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Khaitov RM, Pinegin BV, Butakov AA. Immunotherapy of infectious postoperative complications using a new immunostimulant glycopin. Immunology. 1994;2:47-50.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Colbey, C., Cox, A.J., Pyne, D.B. et al. Upper Respiratory Symptoms, Gut Health and Mucosal Immunity in Athletes. Sports Med. 2018;48:65-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0846-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Engebretsen L, Soligard T, Steffen K. Sports injuries and illnesses during the London Summer Olympic Games 2012. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:407-14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Palmer-Green D, Elliott N. Sports injury and illness epidemiology: Great Britain Olympic Team (TeamGB) surveillance during the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games. Br J Sports Med. 2014;49:25-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Gleeson M, Pyne DB. Respiratory inflammation and infections in high-performance athletes. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016;94:124-31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Smith AP. Effects of the common cold on mood, psychomotor performance, the encoding of new information, speed of working memory and semantic processing. Brain Behav Immun. 2012;26:1072-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Smith A. A review of the effects of colds and influenza on human performance. J Soc Occup Med. 1989;39:65-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guryanova, S.V., Khaitov R.M. Glucosaminyl muramy ldipeptide in treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. Infectious Diseases: News, Opinions, Training. 2020;9(3):79-86. DOI: 10.33029/2305-3496-2020-9-3-79-86 (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гурьянова С.В., Хаитов Р.М. Глюкозаминилмурамилдипептид в терапии и профилактике инфекционных заболеваний // Инфекционные болезни: новости, мнения, обучение. 2020. Т. 9. № 3. С. 79-86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
