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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2313-0245</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2313-0261</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18434</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2313-0245-2018-22-1-9-21</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ONCOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОНКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern approaches to diagnosis and prediction of course of urothelial cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные подходы к диагностике и прогнозированию течения уротелиального рака</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salnikova</surname><given-names>S V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сальникова</surname><given-names>С В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>drsalnikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Slavyanskaya</surname><given-names>T A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Славянская</surname><given-names>Т А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>tslavyanskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sepiashvili</surname><given-names>R I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сепиашвили</surname><given-names>Р И</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>tslavyanskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Immunophysiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт иммунофизиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution Clinical hospital № 1 under Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ Клиническая больница № 1 УДП РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 22, NO1 (2018)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 22, №1 (2018)</issue-title><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-05-01"><day>01</day><month>05</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Salnikova S.V., Slavyanskaya T.A., Sepiashvili R.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Сальникова С.В., Славянская Т.А., Сепиашвили Р.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Salnikova S.V., Slavyanskaya T.A., Sepiashvili R.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сальникова С.В., Славянская Т.А., Сепиашвили Р.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/18434">https://journals.rudn.ru/medicine/article/view/18434</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Urothelial cancer (UC) holds one of the leading positions amongst oncourological diseases. Rate of cancer is growing all around the world and according to experts the growth rate of cancer is estimated as alarming. Clinical implications of the early disease are so poor that they result in late detection of the decease. Understanding of tumor’s pathogenesis opened the door for development of new approaches for diagnosis of cancer, use of innovative methods and technologies. The modern UC diagnostics includes a variety of lab tests and special exams (invasive method and noninvasive methods). Considering low informative value and limited prospects of these methods, today there are researches in improvement of methods which are already being used and development of new methods for early diagnosis and forecasting of the decease being done. Detecting the most specific, vulnerable and informative markers or its combination of the UC is a pressing topic. In this article we consider questions of peculiarities of structure and site of the UC from all angles; we show directions of the UC phenotype research and results of molecular pan-cancer analysis; new tendencies in the UC classification based on study of genetic profile of the UC’s different forms; a short review of the researched molecular genetic markers of early detection of the UC and prognosticating its progression; prognostic value of somatic mutation in the UC; we evaluate the connection between gene expression, invasion, tumor’s prevalence and survivability in the UC patients; we give some data on our own researches in the UC diagnostics improvement, study of expression of cancer/testis antigen and detection of abnormalities in genetic code in the UC.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Уротелиальный рак (УР) занимает одно из ведущих мест среди онкоурологических заболеваний. Во всем мире отмечается ежегодный рост этого заболевания, а его темпы расцениваются специалистами как «тревожные». Крайне скудные клинические проявления ранних стадий заболевания приводят к позднему его выявлению. Понимание механизмов развития опухоли создало предпосылки для разработки новых подходов к диагностике злокачественных новообразований, использования инновационных методов и технологий. Современная диагностика УР включает целый спектр лабораторных и инструментальных (инвазивных и неинвазивных) методов исследования. Учитывая недостаточную информативность и ограниченные возможности этих диагностических методов, в настоящее время проводятся исследования по совершенствованию уже используемых методов и разработке новых методов ранней диагностики и прогнозирования заболевания. Выявление маркеров или их комбинаций при УР, обладающих максимальной специфичностью, чувствительностью и информативностью, является актуальной проблемой. В статье всесторонне рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с особенностями структуры и локализации УР; приведены направления по изучению фенотипа УР и результаты молекулярного пан-ракового анализа; представлены новые тенденции в классификации УР, основанные на изучении генетического профиля различных форм УР; сделан краткий обзор исследуемых молекулярно-генетических маркеров раннего выявления и прогнозирования течения УР; показано прогностическое значение соматических мутаций при УР; дана оценка связи между экспрессией генов, степенью инвазии, распространенности опухоли и выживаемостью больных УР; приведены некоторые данные собственных исследований по совершенствованию диагностики УР, изучению экспрессии раковотестикулярных антигенов и обнаружению нарушений в генетическом коде при УР.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urothelial cancer</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>molecular-genetic markers and biomarkers</kwd><kwd>cancer-testis antigens</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd><kwd>survival</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>уротелиальный рак</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетические и биологические маркеры</kwd><kwd>раковотестикулярные антигены</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd><kwd>выживаемость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Condition of cancer care for Russian population in 2016. 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