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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Литературоведение. Журналистика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-9220</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-9247</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">44338</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-9220-2025-30-1-130-142</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UHGNNQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>JOURNALISM</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Журналистика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Visual Metaphor: Likeness of Unlike Things in Cartoons</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Визуальная метафора: сходство непохожего в карикатурах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7363-0263</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1339-8991</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zarifian</surname><given-names>Mohsen</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зарифиан</surname><given-names>Мохсен</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Teacher Researcher, Cartoonist, Department of Mass Communication</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподаватель-исследователь, карикатурист, кафедра массовых коммуникаций</p></bio><email>mohsen.zarifian@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>130</fpage><lpage>142</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-24"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Zarifian M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Зарифиан М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zarifian M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зарифиан М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/literary-criticism/article/view/44338">https://journals.rudn.ru/literary-criticism/article/view/44338</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The concept of metaphor is presented and analyzed in relation to the phenomenon of political cartoons. Guided by Conceptual Metaphor Theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson as the theoretical framework, this study aims to examine how metaphors in political cartoons function as essential components in conveying complex socio-political messages. Through a meticulous exploration of the likeness between two seemingly unlike entities –perceiving one through the lens of the other – this study argues that cartoonists leverage visual metaphors, along with a diverse array of humor, symbolism, and irony, to illustrate societal conflicts and critique political realities, all while effectively conveying nuanced messages in a concise manner. A significant achievement of this study is the development of two comprehensive tables that categorize prevalent source and target domains in the metaphoric conceptualization of political cartoons, accompanied by relevant examples that elucidate their application in this context. The findings reveal how cartoonists utilize these domains to critique social realities and evoke cognitive responses from audiences. By categorizing and providing context for these metaphoric structures, this study not only enhances the understanding of visual metaphors but also contributes significantly to the scholarship on visual rhetoric in political communication.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Понятие «метафора» представлено и проанализировано применительно к феномену политической карикатуры. На базе концептуальной теории, разработанной Лакоффом и Джонсоном, изучено, каким образом метафоры функционируют в политических карикатурах, а также конструируются и транслируются сложные социально-политические послания. Благодаря тщательному исследованию сходства между двумя, казалось бы, непохожими объектами – восприятием одного через призму другого – показано, как карикатуристы используют визуальные метафоры, языковые символы и другие средства юмора и иронии, чтобы иллюстрировать социальные конфликты и критиковать политические реалии, передавая нюансы лаконично и эффективно. Значительным достижением исследования является разра­ботка двух таблиц, где классифицируются преобладающие «источники и мишени» метафорической концептуализации, приводятся соответствующие примеры и объяснения контекста. Полученные результаты показывают, как критикуются социальные реалии, какие когнитивные реакции они вызывают у аудитории. Категоризация и анализ контекста не только углубляют понимание метафор, но и задают новую парадигму изучения визуальной риторики политических коммуникаций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>media</kwd><kwd>editorial cartoon</kwd><kwd>political cartoon</kwd><kwd>Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT)</kwd><kwd>mass communications</kwd><kwd>journalism</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>СМИ</kwd><kwd>редакционная карикатура</kwd><kwd>политическая карикатура</kwd><kwd>теория концептуальной метафоры</kwd><kwd>массовые коммуникации</kwd><kwd>журналистика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abdel-Raheem, A. (2021). Where Covid metaphors come from: reconsidering. Social Se­miotics, 33(5), 971–1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2021.1971493</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Benczes, R. (2021). 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