<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Литературоведение. Журналистика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-9220</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-9247</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">41362</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-9220-2024-29-2-325-336</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RRTMBI</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>JOURNALISM</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Журналистика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">African newspapers reportage of sanctions: analysis of framing and agenda setting</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Репортажи в африканских газетах о санкциях: анализ фреймов и повестки дня</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7930-0177</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Adeitan</surname><given-names>Mustapha A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адейтан</surname><given-names>Адении Мустафа</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>research student, master's program “Population and Development”, Vishnevsky Institute of Demography</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент-исследователь, магистратура «Население и развитие», Институт демографии имени А.Г. Вишневского</p></bio><email>adeitan199@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">HSE University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">African media in the new reality: re-positioning of media studies</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Африканские медиа в новой реальности: перепозиционирование медиаисследований</issue-title><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>336</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Adeitan M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Адейтан А.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Adeitan M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Адейтан А.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/literary-criticism/article/view/41362">https://journals.rudn.ru/literary-criticism/article/view/41362</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">International organizations and numerous countries worldwide have implemented punitive measures, often in the form of sanctions, to express disapproval of certain events within a country or to compel change. A significant body of scholarly work has focused on these sanctions, particularly when imposed on countries outside of Africa, and how the media frames these actions. In various crisis situations, news framing and agenda-setting by the media have shown enormous effect on consumers’ view of the crisis. This study investigates how media in Africa frames sanctions imposed on African countries, specifically examining printed media in Zimbabwe, Mali, and Niger Republic regarding political and economic sanctions imposed on these countries. Employing the framing and agenda setting theories, the study analysed 204 sanction-related headlines (Zimbabwe - 104, Mali - 70 and Niger - 30) from five media outlets with online presence in each country. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed. In the initial stage, purposive sampling technique was utilized to choose print newspapers with online presence. In the second stage, the researcher utilized the search functionality on the newspapers' websites to identify headlines using the keywords “sanction” and “sanctions”. Quantitative content analysis was employed to analyse the data. Findings showed that a generic framing approach is widely used in the three countries. Further analysis reveals that the responsibility and conflict frames consistently dominate in all three countries. The study also finds a positive agenda-setting tone to be dominant in Zimbabwe. Conversely, both Mali and Niger Republic exhibit a dominant negative agenda-setting tone.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Международные организации и многие страны мира вводят карательные меры, часто в форме санкций, чтобы выразить свое неодобрение определенным событиям внутри какой-либо страны или чтобы принудить к переменам. Значительная часть научных работ посвящена подобным санкциям, особенно когда санкции налагаются на страны вне Африки, а также средствам массовой информации, трактующим эти действия. В различных кризисных ситуациях подача новостей и определение повестки дня СМИ оказывают огромное влияние на мнение людей о кризисе. Цель исследования - определить, изучив печатные СМИ Зимбабве, Мали и Республики Нигер, как СМИ в Африке формулируют информацию о политических и экономических санкциях, введенных в отношении африканских стран. Опираясь на теорию фрейминга и на теорию установления повестки дня, проанализированы 204 заголовка статей, связанных с санкциями (Зимбабве - 104, Мали - 70 и Нигер - 30), из публикаций пяти средств массовой информации, представленных в интернете в каждой стране. Использовался метод многоэтапной выборки. Сначала для отбора печатных газет, присутствующих в интернете, задействовался метод целенаправленной выборки. На втором этапе применялась функция поиска на медийных веб-сайтах по ключевым словам «санкция» и «санкции» для выявления заголовков. При анализе данных применялся контент-анализ. Результаты показали, что в трех странах широко используется так называемый фреймовый подход. Обнаружено, что во всех трех странах стабильно доминируют фреймы ответственности и конфликта. При этом в Зимбабве преобладает позитивная тональность при определении повестки дня, в Мали и Республике Нигер - негативный тон.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>media</kwd><kwd>Zimbabwe</kwd><kwd>Mali</kwd><kwd>Niger</kwd><kwd>political and economic sanctions</kwd><kwd>article headlines</kwd><kwd>generic</kwd><kwd>diagnostic and prognostic frames</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>СМИ</kwd><kwd>Зимбабве</kwd><kwd>Мали</kwd><kwd>Нигер</kwd><kwd>политические и экономические санкции</kwd><kwd>заголовки статей</kwd><kwd>общие</kwd><kwd>диагностические и прогностические фреймы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Kaisi, A.N., Arkhangelskaya, A.L., Bragina, M.A., Bulgarova, B.A., &amp; Rudenko-Morgun, O.I. (2018). Teaching the Russian language in polyconfessional classes with the use of integrating tools. European Journal of Science and Theology, 14(1), 47-59.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Benford, R.D., &amp; Snow, D.A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 611-639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Chen, L., Shi, J., Guo, Y., Wang, P., &amp; Li, Y. (2019). Agenda-setting on traditional vs social media: An analysis of haze-related content grounded in the extended parallel process model. Internet Research, 29(4), 688-703. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-08-2017-0315</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Chingono, H. (2010). Zimbabwe sanctions: An analysis of the “Lingo” guiding the perceptions of the sanctioners and the sanctionees. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 4(2), 66-74.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>D'Angelo, P. (2017). Framing: Media frames. The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, Wiley &amp; Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>De Vreese, C.H., &amp; Kandyla, A. (2009). News framing and public support for a common foreign and security policy. Journal of Common Market Studies, 47(3), 453-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2009.01812.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Entman, R.M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Godefroidt, A., Berbers, A., &amp; d’Haenens, L. (2016). What’s in a frame? A comparative content analysis of American, British, French, and Russian news articles. International Communication Gazette, 78, 777-801.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Kazun, A. (2016). Framing sanctions in the Russian media: The rally effect and Putin's enduring popularity. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 24(3), 327-350.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Knudsen, E. (2014). Media effects as a two-sided field: Comparing theories and research of framing and agenda setting. In L. Kramp, N. Carpentier, A. Hepp, I. Tomanić Trivundža, H. Nieminen, R. Kunelius, T. Olsson, E. Sundin &amp; R. Kilborn (Eds.), Media Practice and Everyday Agency in Europe (pp. 207-216). Bremen: Edition Lumière.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Lecheler, S., &amp; De Vreese, C.H. (2018). News framing effects: Theory and practice. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315208077</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Liu, Z. (2019). The Ukraine crisis and media systems: Comparison of UK and Russian media coverage. PhD thesis, University of Liverpool. https://doi.org/10.17638/03071360</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Mazorodze, W. (2021). Targeted sanctions and the failure of the regime change agenda in Zimbabwe. In D. Stuart (Ed.), Sanctions As War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy (pp. 215-230). Brill.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>McCombs, M.E. (2004). Setting the agenda: The mass media and public opinion. Cambridge: Polity Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ogbonna, C.C. (2017). Targeted or restrictive: Impact of US and EU sanctions on education and healthcare of Zimbabweans. African Research Review, 11(3), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v11i3.4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Ouvrein, G., Vandebosch, H., &amp; De Backer, C.J. (2019). Celebrities’ experience with cyberbullying: A framing analysis of celebrity stories in online news articles in teen magazines. In H. Vandebosch &amp; L. Green (Eds.), Narratives in Research and Interventions on Cyberbullying among Young People (pp. 181-198). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04960-7_12</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Petrica, D. (2023). The paradox of sanctions: a critical analysis of Zimbabwe’s experience. Online Journal Modelling the New Europe, (41), 79-104. https://doi.org/10.24193/OJMNE.2023.41.04</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Semetko, H.A., &amp; Valkenburg, P.M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Shan, L., Diao, H., &amp; Wu, L. (2020). Influence of the framing effect, anchoring effect, and knowledge on consumers’ attitude and purchase intention of organic food. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Van Cauwenberge, A., Gelders, D., &amp; Joris, W. (2009). Covering the European Union: From an intergovernmental towards a supranational perspective? Javnost - The Public, 16(4), 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2009.11009013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Zahariadis, N. (2016). Handbook of public policy agenda setting. Edward Elgar Publishing.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Zengeni, K.T. (2010). The Western media and the crisis in Zimbabwe. Journal of International Studies, 6, 67-81.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
