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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Литературоведение. Журналистика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-9220</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-9247</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">36789</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-9220-2023-28-3-482-489</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">MVHJGU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERARY CRITICISM</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Литературоведение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Medicine as a profession in the writer’s self-determination: the example of A.P. Chekhov (1860-1904) and J. Rizal (1891-1896)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Медицина как профессия в самовосприятии писателя: на примере А.П. Чехова (1860-1904) и Х. Рисаля (1861-1896)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9072-6945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipke</surname><given-names>Stephan</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Липке</surname><given-names>Штефан</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor at the Department of History of Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат филологических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры истории философии, факультет гуманитарных и социальных наук</p></bio><email>stephanlipkesj@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Chekhov’s Time and Chekhov in Time</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Время Чехова и Чехов во Времени</issue-title><fpage>482</fpage><lpage>489</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-11-22"><day>22</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Lipke S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Липке Ш.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lipke S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Липке Ш.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/literary-criticism/article/view/36789">https://journals.rudn.ru/literary-criticism/article/view/36789</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p style="text-align: justify;">The attitude of A.P. Chekhov, physician and writer, and of his contemporary Filipino colleague J. Rizal was compared, in order to find out how their artistic creativity is linked to their profession as doctors. Both writers demonstrate a high appreciation for progress in their works. Chekhov emphasizes the importance of hygiene and education, while Rizal believes that education is crucial. In his works, Chekhov often depicts the consequences of ignorance, negligence towards one’s health, and lack of hygiene. In particular, in the story “Peasants” he describes how poverty leads to drunkenness, filth, and ignorance. However, he is not willing to directly connect social and political statements with his art. Additionally, after his voyage to Skhalin, he firmly refuses to pass judgement on his characters, even if they are portrayed as dirty and ignorant. Nonetheless, in his social activism he cares for the sick, especially victims of epidemies, and establishes rural schools. Rizal became an ophthalmologist to cure his mother, who went blind after unjustly being imprisoned; similarly, he became a writer to heal the “social cancer” of his country - ignorance. Yet, he encounters the problem that Spanish authorities prohibit education for the people. So, even up to his exile and death, he has to confront the dilemma of which should take precedence, education or liberation. Therefore, for Chekhov, being a doctor, addressing social issues, and writing are separate spheres, while Rizal became a writer primarily to heal his country’s society. Nevertheless, both writers, in their short lives, combined medicine, creativity, and progressive social activism, thus embodying what Yu.M. Lotman calls “lifebuilding”.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p style="text-align: justify;">Сравнивается деятельность врача и писателя А.П. Чехова с его филиппинским собратом и современником Х. Рисалем с целью выявить, каким образом для обоих творчество связано с медицинской деятельностью. Произведения обоих демонстрируют, что для них важен прогресс. Чехов в своем творчестве неоднократно показывает последствия невежества, а также отсутствия гигиены и должной заботы о здоровье. В частности, в повести «Мужики» он описывает пьянство, грязь и невежество, вызванные нищетой. При этом он не готов связывать социально-политические высказывания напрямую с творчеством. Кроме того, после поездки на о. Сахалин он отказывается осуждать героев, даже если описывает их грязными и невежественными. Как общественный деятель он заботится о больных, оказывая им помощь, в частности жертвам эпидемий, и об учреждении сельских школ. Рисаль, в свою очередь, стал офтальмологом, чтобы вылечить слепоту матери, приобретенную во время ее несправедливого заключения; а писателем он стал, чтобы лечить «социальный рак» своей родной страны - невежество. При этом он сталкивается с тем, что испанские власти мешают образованию народа. Поэтому вопрос о первичности образования или политического освобождения страны для него остается открытым вплоть до ссылки и казни. Таким образом, для Чехова быть врачом, быть общественным деятелем и быть писателем - разные виды деятельности, хотя и тесно между собой связанные. Рисаль же стал писателем, чтобы лечить социум своей родины. Тем не менее оба являются примерами того, как писатель, сочетая медицину, творчество и прогрессивную общественную деятельность, осуществляет названный Ю.М. Лотманом идеал «жизнестроительства».</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Yu.M. Lotman</kwd><kwd>progress</kwd><kwd>education</kwd><kwd>lifebuilding</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Ю.М. 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