<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Литературоведение. Журналистика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2312-9220</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2312-9247</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">25457</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2312-9220-2020-25-4-724-733</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERARY CRITICISM</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Литературоведение</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sources of Ferdowsi’s poem “Shahnāma”</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Источники поэмы Фирдоуси «Шах-наме»</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bondar</surname><given-names>Maria N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бондарь</surname><given-names>Мария Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate of the Department of History and Philology of Southern and Central Asia of the Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирантур кафедры истории и филологии Южной и Центральной Азии Института восточных культур и античности</p></bio><email>mar2102@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian State University for Humanities</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский государственный гуманитарный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 25, NO4 (2020)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 25, №4 (2020)</issue-title><fpage>724</fpage><lpage>733</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-01-13"><day>13</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Bondar M.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Бондарь М.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bondar M.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бондарь М.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/literary-criticism/article/view/25457">https://journals.rudn.ru/literary-criticism/article/view/25457</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article explores one of the central problems of Ferdowsi “Shahnāma” (10th century) studies, e.g. its’ sources. In modern Iranian studies coexist different points of view and continues a discussion between the disciples of the theory of Ferdowsi’s use of prose sources and those who consider the poet rather a brilliant compiler and innovator, who transformed epic tales about kings and heroes (folklore oral poetry in the middle Persian language) into the new Persian language (dari). The discovery and accumulation of philological arguments indicating that the middle Persian epic poetry is “hidden” in the poem under the cover of the new Persian verse belongs to the current problems of “Shahnāma studies”, since this poetry was not recorded and original texts have not survived till nowadays. The arguments of supporters of both points of are briefly presented. To test the theory about the possible reliance of the Ferdowsi epic on the oral poetic tradition, a certain number of lines of the poem containing the name “Ahriman” were selected and analyzed using the Parry - Lord oral theory, and as a result the formulaic rhyme was discovered. The stability of rhymes and formulaic expressions in which the word “Ahriman” occurs in the poem allows to conclude that, apparently, there was an oral tradition of describing the Evil Spirit, dating back to the times of Ancient Iran and the creation of the Avesta, which survived until the time of Ferdowsi. This analysis supports the idea that Ferdowsi’s epic is based on the oral poetic tradition.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматривается одна из центральных проблем исследования поэмы Фиродуси «Шах-наме» (X в.) - источники, на которые опирался поэт при создании своего авторского эпоса. В современной иранистике сосуществуют разные точки зрения и продолжается дискуссия между сторонниками гипотезы о переработке Фирдоуси прозаических источников в стихи и теми, кто видит в поэте скорее гениального компилятора и новатора, переложившего в стихах на новоперсидском языке (дари) эпические сказания о царях и героях, то есть фольклорную поэзию, созданную на среднеперсидском языке. Обнаружение и накопление филологических аргументов, указывающих на то, что в поэме под оболочкой новоперсидского стиха «скрыта» среднеперсидская эпическая поэзия, принадлежит к актуальным проблемам иранистического литературоведения, поскольку сама эта поэзия не была записана и ее подлинные тексты до нас не дошли. Для проверки гипотезы о возможной опоре эпоса Фирдоуси на устную поэтическую традицию было выбрано и проанализировано некоторое количество строк поэмы (бейтов), содержащих имя главного отрицательного персонажа «Шах-наме» Ахримана, с применением устной теории Пэрри - Лорда, в результате которого была выявлена формульная рифма. Стабильность рифмы и формульных выражений, в которых встречается слово «Ахриман» позволяет сделать выводы, что, по всей видимости, существовала устная традиция описания Злого Духа, ведущая свое начало со времен Древнего Ирана и создания Авесты, сохранившаяся до времен Фирдоуси. Данные такого анализа подкрепляют гипотезу об опоре эпоса Фирдоуси на устную поэтическую традицию.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ferdowsi</kwd><kwd>Shahnāma</kwd><kwd>sources</kwd><kwd>oral poetic tradition</kwd><kwd>epic</kwd><kwd>formulaic rhyme</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Фирдоуси</kwd><kwd>Шах-наме</kwd><kwd>источники</kwd><kwd>устная поэтическая традиция</kwd><kwd>эпос</kwd><kwd>формульная рифма</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Minorsky, V. (1956). The Older Preface to the Shāh-namā. Studi Orientalistici in Onore di Giorgio Levi della Vida 1-2, 52(2), 159-179.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Hämeen-Antilla, J. (2018). Khwādaynāmag: The Middle Persian Book of kings. Studies in Persian Cultural History (vol. 14). Boston, Leiden, Brill.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Nöldeke, T. (1930). The Iranian National Epic. Philadelphia, Porcupine Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Omidsalar, M. (2011). Poetics and Politics of Iran’s National Epic, the Shāhnāmeh. Literatures and Cultures of the Islamic World. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Omidsalar, M. (1996). Unburdening Ferdowsi. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 116(2), 235-242.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Rubanovich, J. (2013). The Shāh-namā and Medieval Orality: Critical Remarks on the ‘Oral Poetics’ Approach and New Perspectives. Middle Eastern Literature, 16(2), 217-226.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Shapur, A. (1991). Ferdowsi: A Critical Biography. Costa Mesa, CA, Mazda Publishers.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferdowsi. (n.d.). Shahnāma. Guftar andar farāham avardan-i kitāb [About origin of the book]. Retrieved July 12, 2020, https://ganjoor.net/ferdousi/shahname/aghaz/sh8/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фирдоуси. Шах-наме. О происхождении книги. URL: https://ganjoor.net/ferdousi/ shahname/aghaz/sh8/ (дата обращения: 12.07.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferdowsi. (n.d.). Shahnāma. Bunyād nahādan-i kitāb [About creation of the book]. Retrieved July 12, 2020, https://ganjoor.net/ferdousi/shahname/aghaz/sh10/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фирдоуси. Шах-наме. О создании поэмы. URL: https://ganjoor.net/ferdousi/shahname/ aghaz/sh10/ (дата обращения: 12.07.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferdowsi. (n.d.). Shahnāma. Retrieved July 12, 2020, https://ganjoor.net/ferdousi/ shahname/qmars/sh1/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferdowsi. (n.d.). Shahnāma. Retrieved July 12, 2020, https://ganjoor.net/ferdousi/ shahname/qmars/sh1/ Фирдоуси. Шах-наме. URL: https://ganjoor.net/ferdousi/shahname/qmars/sh1/ (дата обращения: 12.07.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Davidson, O.M. (2000). Comparative Literature and Classical Poetics: Seven Essays. Mazda Publishers.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Davis, D. (1995, October - December). The problem of Ferdowsi sources. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 115(4), 48-57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertels, E.E. (1960). Istoriya persidsko-tadzhikskoi literatury [History of Persian-Tajik literature] (vol. 1). Moscow, Izdatelstvo vostochnoy literatury Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бертельс Е.Э. История персидско-таджикской литературы. М.: Издательство восточной литературы, 1960. Т. 1. 555 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Davidson, O.M. (1994). Poet and Hero in the Persian Book of Kings. Cornell University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Davidson, O.M. (1985). The Crown Bestower in the Iranian Book of Kings. Paper in Honour of prof. Mary Boyce. Acta Iranica 24-25, 1, 61-148.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Davidson, O.M. (1988). A Formulaic Analysis of Samples Taken from the Shahnama of Firdausi. Oral Tradition, 3(1-2), 88-105.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Davidson, O.M. (1998). The Text of Ferdowsi’s Shahnama and the Burden of the Past. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 118(1), 63-68.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lord, A.B. (1994). Skazitel' [The singer of tales]. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura RAN Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лорд А.Б. Сказитель. М.: Восточная литература РАН, 1994. 369 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grintser, P.A. (1975). Epicheskie formuly v “Makhabkharate” i “Ramayane” [Epic formula in “Mahabharata” and “Ramayana”]. Tipologicheskie issledovaniya po fol'kloru [Typological research on folklore] (pp. 156-181). Moscow, Nauka Publ. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринцер П.А. Эпические формулы в “Махабхарате” и “Рамаяне” // Типологические исследования по фольклору. М.: Наука, 1975. С. 156-181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ferdowsi. (n.d.). Shahnāma. Kayumars. Retrieved July 12, 2020, https://ganjoor.net/ ferdousi/shahname/qmars/sh1/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ferdowsi. (n.d.). Shahnāma. Siavosh. Retrieved July 12, 2020, https://ganjoor.net/ ferdousi/shahname/siavosh/sh18/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Ferdowsi. (n.d.). Shahnāma. Anushirvan. Retrieved July 12, 2020, https://ganjoor.net/ ferdousi/shahname/anooshirvan/sh5/</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
