<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">9263</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ways of Expressing Apologies and Thanks in French and Japanese Personal Emails: a Comparison of Politeness</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Речевые акты «Извинение» и «Благодарность» во французской и японской личной электронной переписке: сравнительный анализ традиций выражения вежливости</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chantal Claudel (</surname><given-names>-</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шанталь Клодель</surname><given-names>-</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en">General and Applied Linguistics</bio><bio xml:lang="ru">Кафедра общего и прикладного языкознания</bio><email>chantal.claudel@univ-paris8.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University Paris 8-Vincennes-Saint-Denis</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Париж VIII-Венсенн-Сен-Дени</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 19, NO4 (2015)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 19, №4 (2015)</issue-title><fpage>127</fpage><lpage>145</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-09-09"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2015, Chantal Claudel ( -.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2015, Шанталь Клодель -.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2015, Chantal Claudel ( -.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chantal Claudel ( -.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шанталь Клодель -.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Chantal Claudel ( -.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/9263">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/9263</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en">This article examines the ways in which politeness is used in French and Japanese personal emails (i.e. from one person to another). The data for the study consist of 411 emails from both communities and regrouped by criteria such as the correspondents’ gender, age and relationship (close vs distant; hierarchical vs equal). Two widely studied acts, very present in the French and Japanese data, namely thanking and apologising, are analysed. First of all, the notion of politeness is examined as it is understood in French and Japanese cultures, followed by a discussion of the positioning adopted by the various established approaches to this notion. This leads us to reconsider the concept of face as it is understood in Europe and Asia, the notion of discernment (Ide) and the theory of the territory of information (Kamio), as well as to re-examine the approach of politeness in the light of recent research findings. Following this overview, the paper proposes a framework where a distinction between politeness and civility is advocated. In this perspective, the means used to express politeness ( politeness in its broader meaning) are based on personal choices: either due to politeness (in a specific meaning) or according to social obligations ascribable to civility. More specifically, politeness (in it specific meaning) in one side is linked to personal choice. In French for instance, this can result from language used: formal language vs common language ( convier vs inviter ); verbal choices (conditional verbs instead of indicative tenses: je voudrais vs je veux ); syntax (inversion of the subject or not in questions), etc. In Japanese, politeness can be detected through the choice to use of the suffix desu ( kawaii desu ( it is cute )) when neutral or common language could be suitable ( kawaii ( it is cute )). In the other side, civility refers to the obligation to respect social norms. In French, the speaker may have to use the pronoun of address vous (vs tu ) as required by his and the hearer position, status, rank, etc. while his Japanese counterpart may have to use forms of humility or deference. The two visions embrace the Western and Asian conception of politeness: they complement each other. Furthermore, the impact of electronic devices on the evolution of writing practices is considered, with particular regard to the function of politeness discursive configurations such as apologies and thanks, and compared to another genre like letters. Thus the analysis of the writing styles shows the kind of patterns of linguistic behaviour chosen by cyberwriters of each language and culture. Finally, the results of the analysis show that attention to the addressee leads to the use of apologies in Japanese where in French, attention to the speaker/writer leads to the use of thanks. In addition, some expressions seem to be used only in certain relationships.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">В статье исследуются способы реализации стратегий вежливости во фанцузской и японской личной электронной переписке. Материалом исследования послужили 411 электронных писем. При анализе полученных данных принимались во внимание такие критерии, как пол, возраст респондентов, а также степень горизонтальной и/или вертикальной дистанции между ними. На основе полученных данных в работе исследуются два широко изученных речевых акта - «Извинение» и «Благодарность». В статье рассматриваются интерпретации понятия вежливость во французской и японской культурах; исследуются различные точки зрения и способы изучения данного концепта, что вызывает необходимость переосмыслить содержание концепта лицо в сознании представителей европейских и азиатских культур, понятие учтивость (Ide), а также теорию информации (Kamio). Вслед за обзором академических трудов в работе предлагается разграничение дефиниций вежливость и учтивость . Согласно изложенной точке зрения, языковые средства реализации вежливости (в ее самом широком понимании) основаны на личном выборе индвидуума, который руководствуется понятием вежливость (с точки зрения ее этнокультурной специфики) или социальными установками, приписываемыми концепту учтивость . Таким образом, вежливость в ее специфическом понимании всегда определенным образом связана с личным выбором индивидуума. Во французском языке, например, это реализуется в виде использования различных стилей языка, например: официальный vs разговорный ( convier vs inviter ), а также в выборе глагольных форм (условное наклонение вместо изъявительного: je voudrais vs je veux ), синтаксисе (инверсия подлежащего или употребление отрицания в вопросительных предложениях: je voudrais vs je veux и т.д. В японском языке реализацию стратегий вежливости можно проследить на основе использования суффикса desu ( kawaii desu- это мило ), в тех случаях, когда нейтральный или разговорный стиль речи был бы более уместен ( kawaii - это мило ). С другой стороны, учтивость сопряжена с непременным соблюдением социальных норм поведения. Во французском языке говорящий может испытывать необходимость употребления местоименной формы обращения vous /вы (вместо tu /ты ), как это предписывает его положение, статус, ранг или статусная позиция его собеседника. Японскому коллеге в аналогичной речевой ситуации может потребоваться использование тех языковых средств, которые подчеркивают его покорность или почтительное отношение. В дальнейшем в работе рассматривается влияние электронных средств коммуникации на письменную речь; анализируется использование различных стратегий вежливости в речевых актах «Извинение» и «Благодарность». На основе проведенного анализа делается вывод о том, что в японском языке внимание к адресату передается через речевой акт «Извинение», в то время как во французском языке внимание к говорящему/пишущему реализуется с помощью речевого акта «Благодарность», что свидетельствует о разном понимании вежливости в японской и французской лингвокультурах.</trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Politeness</kwd><kwd>Civility</kwd><kwd>Apologies</kwd><kwd>Thanks</kwd><kwd>Japanese</kwd><kwd>French</kwd><kwd>Emails</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вежливость</kwd><kwd>учтивость</kwd><kwd>извинение</kwd><kwd>благодарность</kwd><kwd>японский язык</kwd><kwd>французский язык</kwd><kwd>электронные письма</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Adam, Jean-Michel. 1998. Les genres du discours épistolaire. In Jürgen Siess (dir.), La Lettre entre réel et fiction. Paris: Sedes. 37-53.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Baresenová, Ivona. 2008. Politeness Strategies in Cross-Cultural Perspective, Politeness Strategies in Cross-cultural Perspective: Study of American and Japanese Employment Rejection Letters. <http: in_cross-cultural_perspective.pdf="">.</http:></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bayraktaroglu, Arin. 1991. Politeness and interactional imbalance. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 92: 5-34.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Brown, Penelope, Levinson, Stephen C. 1987. Politeness, Some universals in language usage. Cambridge, CUP (1978).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Claudel, Chantal. 2012a. Les formules d’ouverture dans les courriels personnels en français et en japonais: l’exemple de ‘comment ça va?’ et ‘genki?’. In Auger N., Béal C., Demougin F. (éds), Interactions et interculturalité: variété des corpus et des approches, Berne: Peter Lang. 81-100.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Claudel, Chantal. 2012b. Projet, salutations, demande de bienveillance : quelques actes rituels de clôture en français et en japonais. In Rentel, N. et Venohr, E. (dir.), Text-Brücken zwischen den Kulturen. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Bernd Spillner, Frankurt am Main: Peter Lang. 183-201.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Claudel, Chantal. 2014. Présentation synthétique de quelques cyber-comportements discursifs en français et japonais. In Rentel, N., Reutner, U., Schröpf, R. (éds), Von der Zeitung zur Twitterdämmerung. Medientextsorten und neue Kommunikationsformen im deutshc-französischen Vergleich, Münster: Lit-Verlag. 165-183.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Coulmas, Florian. 1981. 'Poison to your soul': Thanks and apologies contrastively viewed. In Coulmas, Florian (ed.), Conversational Routine. La Haye, Paris, New York: Mouton. 69-92.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Cook, Haruko M. 2006. Japanese politeness as an interactional achievement: Academic consultation sessions in Japanese universities, Multilingua Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 25-3: 269-291.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Cook, Haruko M. 2011. Are honorifics polite? Uses of referent honorifics in a Japanese committee meeting, Journal of Pragmatics, 43: 3655-3672.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Doi, Takeo. 1993. L’endroit et l’envers. Arles: Philippe Picquier.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Eelen, Gino. 2001. Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St Jerome Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Geyer, Naomi. 2008. Discourse and Politeness: Ambivalent Face in Japanese. London, New-York: Continuum.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Goffman, Erving. 1967. On Face-Work, An Analysis of Ritual Elements in Social Interaction. In Interaction Ritual, Essays on Face-to-Face Behaviour. Victoria: Penguin Books. 5-45.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Grice, Herbert Paul. 1979. Logique et conversation. Communications, 30: 57-72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hayashi, Chikio, Kuroda, Yasumasa. 1997. Japanese culture in comparative perspective, Westport: Praeger.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Hendry, Joy. 1994. Politesse. Dictionnaire de la civilisation japonaise, Paris: Hazan.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Hill, Beverly, Ide, Sachiko, Ikuta, Shoko, Kawasaki, Akiko, Ogino, Tsunao. 1986. Universals of Linguistic Politeness, Quantitative Evidence from Japanese and American English. Journal of Pragmatics, 10: 347-371.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ide, Risako. 1998. ‘Sorry for your kindnesse’: Japanese interactional ritual in public discouse. Journal of Pragmatics, 29: 509-529.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ide, Risako. 2009. Aisatsu. In Senft, Gunter, Östman, Jan-Ola, Verschueren, Jef (ed.). Culture and Language Use, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 18-28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Ide, Sachiko. 1989. Formal forms and discernment: two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua, 8: 223-248.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Ide, Sachiko. 1992. On the Notion of Wakimae: Toward an Integrated Framework of Linguistic Politeness. Mejiro Linguistic Society (MLS). 298-305.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Ide, Sachiko, Yoshida, Megumi. 1999. Sociolinguistics: Honorifics and gender differences. In Tsujimura, Natsuko (ed.). The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, Malden: Blackwell. 444-480.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Kádár, Dániel Z. 2009. Questions on Discursive Politeness Research - A Research Report, Sheffield, UK, LRPG (on line).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kamio, Akio. 1990. Jôhô no nawabari riron: gengo no kinôteki bunseki. Tôkyô: Taishûkan Shoten.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Kamio, Akio. 1994. The theory of territory of information: The case of Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics. 21: 67-100.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Kamio, Akio. 1995. Territory of information in English and Japanese and psychological utterances. Journal of Pragmatics, 24: 235-264.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 1990. Les interactions verbales, Tome I, Paris, A. Colin.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 1992. Les interactions verbales, Tome II, Paris, A. Colin.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 1994. Les interactions verbales, Tome III, Paris, A. Colin.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 1997. A multilevel approach in the study of talk-in-interaction. Pragmatics, 7-1: 1-20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 1998. L’interaction épistolaire. In J. Siess (dir.), La lettre entre réel et fiction. St-Just-la-Pendue: Sedes, 15-36.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 2001a. 'Je voudrais un p'tit bifteck': la politesse à la française en site commercial. Les carnets du CEDISCOR, 7: 105-118.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 2001b. Les actes de langage dans le discours. Paris: Nathan-Université.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. 2002. Politesse en deçà des Pyrénées, impolitesse au delà: retour sur la question de l'universalité de la (théorie de la) politesse. Marges linguistiques. 1-18. <http:> (18-05-2012).</http:></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Koutlaki, Sofia A. 2002. Offers and expressions of thanks as face enhancing acts: tæ’arof in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 34: 1733-1756.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Kumatoridani, Tetsuo. 1999. Alternation and co-occurrence in Japanese thanks. Journal of Pragmatics, 31: 623-642.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Lakoff, Robin. 1973. The logic of politeness; Or, minding your p’s and q’s. Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. 292-305.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Lakoff, Robin. 1977. What you can do with words: Politeness, pragmatics and performatives. In A. Rogers, B. Wall, J.P Murphy (eds), Proceedings of the Texas Conference on Performatives, Presuppositions and Implicatures. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 79-105.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. Londres: Longman.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Leech, Geoffrey. 2007. Politeness: is there an East-West divide?, Journal of Politeness Research. 3 (2): 167-206.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Lim, Tae Seop. 1994. Facework and interpersonal relationships. In Ting-Toomey, Stella (Ed.), The Challenge of Facework: Cross-cultural and Interpersonal Issues. New York: Albany, State University of New York Press. 209-229.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Mao, LuMing Robert. 1994. Beyond politeness theory: ‘face’ revisited and reviewed, Journal of Pragmatics, 21 (5): 451-486.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Matsumoto, Yoshiko. 1988. Reexaminations of the universality of face, Journal of Pragmatics, 12 (4): 403-426.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Matsumoto, Yoshiko. 1989. Politeness and conversational universals, Observations from Japanese, Multilingua, 8 (2/3): 207-221.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Mills, Sara. 2011. Discursive approaches to politeness and impoliteness, in Linguistic Politeness Research Group (ed.), Discursive approaches to politeness, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 19-56.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Miyake, Kazuo. 2002. Kotoba no arawareru nihonbunka no shikô-sei, [The intentionality of Japanese culture in words]. Nihon bungaku bunka, 2: 8-14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Mizutani, Osamu, Mizutani, Nobuko. 1985. Notes de japonais 1 - parler et vivre au Japon, Tokyo: The Japan Times.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Mizutani, Osamu, Mizutani, Nobuko. 1986. Nihongo notes 5 - Studying Japanese in context, Tokyo: The Japan Times.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Mizutani, Osamu, Mizutani, Nobuko. 1988. Nihongo notes 2 - Expressing oneself in japanese, Tokyo: The Japan Times.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Sifianou, Maria. 1995. Do we need to be silent to be extremely polite? Silence and FTA’s. International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 5(1): 95-110.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Tatematsu, K. et al. 1997. Nihongo no tegami no kakikata, Writting letters in Japanese. Tôkyô: The Japan Times.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Tegami, hagaki no kakikata, jisturei hyakka [Write letters and cards, Collection of examples]. 1996. Tôkyô: Nihon bunkei sha.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Triandis, Harry C., Betancourt, Hector, Iwao, Sumiko, Kwok, Leung, Jose Miguel, Salazar, Bernadette, Setiadi, Jai B. P., Sinha, Hubert, Touzard, Zbignew, Zaleski. 1993. An etic-emic analysis of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 24-3: 366-383.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Watts, Richard J. 2003. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
