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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">52503</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-45494</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NYPJQB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Directness and politeness: Unraveling the paradox of directive speech acts in Javanese lingua-culture</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Прямолинейность и вежливость: раскрытие парадокса директивных речевых актов в яванской лингвокультуре</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-9357</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nursanti</surname><given-names>Emi</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нурсанти</surname><given-names>Эми</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>lecturer at the English Literature Study Program, Faculty of Languages, Arts, and Culture</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподает на факультете языков и культур</p></bio><email>emi_nursanti@uny.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5824-2884</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suhandano</surname><given-names>-</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухандано</surname><given-names>-</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>professor of anthropological linguistics at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор антропологической лингвистики на факультете культурологии</p></bio><email>suhandano@ugm.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9587-113X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sulistyowati</surname><given-names>-</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сулистёвати</surname><given-names>-</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>lecturer at the Javanese Language, Literature and Culture Study Program at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподает на факультете культурологии</p></bio><email>lies_sulistyowati@ugm.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный университет Джокьякарты</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Universitas Gadjah Mada</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Гаджа Мада</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 30, NO3 (2026)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 30, №3 (2026)</issue-title><fpage>711</fpage><lpage>737</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Nursanti E., Suhandano -., Sulistyowati -.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Нурсанти Э., Сухандано -., Сулистёвати -.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Nursanti E., Suhandano -., Sulistyowati -.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nursanti E., Suhandano -., Sulistyowati -.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нурсанти Э., Сухандано -., Сулистёвати -.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Nursanti E., Suhandano -., Sulistyowati -.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/52503">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/52503</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The assumption that high-context, collectivist cultures uniformly favor indirectness has been challenged, yet systematic evidence from Javanese, a quintessential high-context culture, remains scarce. This study aims to identify how politeness is realized in Javanese directive speech acts (DSAs) and to determine the influence of social distance, power relations, and Javanese cultural norms on strategy choices. For this purpose, 525 directive utterances were extracted from 20 short films produced by the provincial government of Yogyakarta (2022-2023), representing approximately 357 minutes of everyday Javanese dialogue across diverse social relationships and settings. The data were analyzed using a qualitative approach supported by descriptive statistics, combining descriptive frequency analysis with culturally grounded interpretation based on Javanese core cultural values. The findings reveal that direct strategies predominate, with weak direct being the most frequent. Weak direct balances clarity with mitigation: warmth markers facilitate intimate/equal interactions, while deference markers are used for upward/formal contexts. Strong direct omits mitigation when intimacy or hierarchy permits directness. Conventional indirectness serves sensitive topics, while nonconventional indirectness is rare, reserved for highly face-threatening directives. Crucially, politeness in Javanese is not a matter of directness versus indirectness but of whether linguistic choices align with social hierarchy, relational intimacy, and cultural values. These findings complicate the equation of indirectness with politeness and suggest a culture-specific model of Javanese politeness, indicating that directness is not inherently impolite when mediated by locally appropriate markers or licensed by social context.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Представление о том, что в коллективистских высококонтекстных культурах неизменно отдается предпочтение непрямым способам выражения мыслей, сегодня ставится под сомнение, однако систематических данных по яванскому языку - эталонному примеру культуры с высоким контекстом - по-прежнему недостаточно. Цель данного исследования - выявить способы реализации вежливости в директивных речевых актах и определить влияние социальной дистанции, дистанции власти и культурных норм Явы на выбор коммуникативных стратегий. Материалом послужили 525 директивных высказываний, отобранных из 20 короткометражных фильмов, созданных правительством провинции Джокьякарта в 2021-2023 гг. (в общей сложности около 357 минут естественной яванской речи, отражающей разнообразные социальные отношения и ситуации). Анализ данных проводился с использованием смешанного метода с преобладанием качественного подхода, сочетающего описательный частотный анализ с интерпретативным, опирающимся на ключевые культурные ценности Явы. Результаты показали, что преобладают прямые стратегии, причем наиболее частотной является стратегия «слабой прямоты» (weak direct). Она позволяет найти баланс между ясностью и смягчением тона: маркеры теплоты способствуют общению между близкими людьми или равными по статусу собеседниками, тогда как маркеры почтительности используются при обращении к вышестоящим лицам или в официальной обстановке. Стратегия «сильной прямоты» (strong direct) исключает смягчение и применяется, когда степень близости или иерархические отношения допускают прямолинейность. Конвенциональные стратегии косвенности применяются при обсуждении деликатных тем, в то время как неконвенциональные встречаются редко и используются лишь для директив, несущих серьезную угрозу «лицу» (репутации) собеседника. Результаты показывают, что вежливость в яванской культуре определяется не противопоставлением прямолинейности и косвенности, а соответствием используемых языковых средств социальной иерархии, степени близости, ситуативному контексту и культурным ценностям. Эти выводы ставят под сомнение отождествление вежливости с косвенностью и указывают на существование специфической для яванской культуры модели вежливости, согласно которой прямолинейность не является проявлением неучтивости, если она сопровождается уместными в данном социокультурном контексте маркерами или оправдана социальной ситуацией.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>directive speech act</kwd><kwd>directness</kwd><kwd>indirectness</kwd><kwd>politeness markers</kwd><kwd>politeness strategies</kwd><kwd>Javanese</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>директивный речевой акт</kwd><kwd>прямолинейность</kwd><kwd>косвенность</kwd><kwd>стратегии вежливости</kwd><kwd>маркеры вежливости</kwd><kwd>яванский язык</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ackermann, Thomas. 2023. Mitigating strategies and politeness in German requests. 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