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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50914</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-45854</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CQEWUB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Llanito: Neither language nor emerging variety</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Льянито: ни язык, ни зарождающийся вариант</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1068-8553</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lara Bermejo</surname><given-names>Víctor</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лара Бермехо</surname><given-names>Виктор</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>professor at Cadiz Univrity, Cadiz, Spain, and researcher specialised in Spanish dialectology, as well as in language contact between Portuguese and Spanish</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор Университета Кадиса, Кадис, Испания, исследователь, специализирующийся на испанской диалектологии, а также на языковых контактах португальского и испанского языков</p></bio><email>victor.lara@uca.es</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Universidad de Cádiz</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Кадиса</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><fpage>466</fpage><lpage>485</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Lara Bermejo V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Лара Бермехо В.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Lara Bermejo V.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lara Bermejo V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лара Бермехо В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Lara Bermejo V.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50914">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50914</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper addresses the so-called Llanito , a type of Spanglish spoken in the British colony of Gibraltar. Llanito has been repeatedly defined as a linguistic variety, outcome of the contact between Spanish and English, and scholars support this claim by providing a list of words and referring to the identity feelings shared among the population. However, the data obtained from a fieldwork campaign suggest another reality. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the so-called Llanito is nothing more than the label applied to the process of code-switching, which has not resulted in the emergence of a new variety. By means of a compilation of spontaneous voice messages, semi-conducted interviews and free conversations, I have recorded the speech of 22 people, from both sexes, different generations and various educational backgrounds. The results state that Llanito cannot be considered a language or an emerging variety, for it deals with a process of code-switching within an unstable bilingual society that heads for English monolingualism. In fact, current Gibraltar exhibits all the stages of this evolution, each of which is embodied by a different generation. Despite the vindications regarding the cultural, linguistic and historical heritage that Llanito is said to represent, social mobility turns out to be the reason why speakers gradually dismiss Spanish and tend to become English monolinguals, making thus Llanito reduce the younger the individual is. Moreover, the affirmation that Llanito is a language or a variety lacks empirical support, since it is impossible to determine the lexicon, as well as the phonetic and grammatical structure, that characterise it. The results contribute to disentangling the complexity of Spanglish in its different manifestations and to shedding more light to the study of linguistic variation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье исследуется льянито - разновидность спанглиша (смешения испанского и английского языков), распространенная в Гибралтаре, Британской заморской территории. Льянито часто определяется как языковой вариант, возникший в результате контакта испанского и английского языков. Исследователи поддерживают данное мнение, опираясь на список специфичной лексики и чувство идентичности населения этого региога. Однако данные, полученные нами в ходе полевых исследований, указывают на иную реальность. Цель статьи - показать, что льянито следует воспринимать как обозначение процесса переключения кодов, который не привел к появлению нового варианта. Материалом исследования послужили записи спонтанных голосовых сообщений, полуструктурированные интервью и свободные беседы, что позволило скомпилировать речь 22 человек, обоих полов, разных поколений и с различным уровнем образования. Результаты исследования показывают, что льянито нельзя считать ни языком, ни зарождающимся вариантом, поскольку он связан с процессом переключения кодов в нестабильном двуязычном контексте, свидетельсвующем о движении к монолингвальному англоязычному сообществу. Современный Гибралтар демонстрирует все этапы этой эволюции, каждый из которых представлен отдельным поколением. Несмотря на утверждения отом, что льянито представляет собой часть культурного, языкового и исторического наследия, использование льянито молодым поколением сокращается. Причина того, почему жители Гибралтара постепенно отказываются от испанского языка и становятся англоязычными монолингвами, лежит в социальной мобильности. Более того, утверждение о том, что льянито является языком или языковым вариантом, не имеет эмпирического подтверждения, поскольку невозможно определить лексику, а также фонетическую и грамматическую структуру, которые его характеризуют. Результаты исследования помогают разобраться в сложностях спанглиша в его различных проявлениях и способствуют изучению языковой вариативности.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Llanito</kwd><kwd>linguistic variety</kwd><kwd>code-switching</kwd><kwd>Spanish</kwd><kwd>language contact</kwd><kwd>Spanglish</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>льянито</kwd><kwd>языковой вариант</kwd><kwd>переключение кодов</kwd><kwd>испанский язык</kwd><kwd>языковой контакт</kwd><kwd>спанглиш</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">This article is the result of the research project titled The Spanish in the Strait of Gibraltar and Maghreb (SPAGHREB), with reference CSN2022-135195, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the EU “Next Generation EU”/PRTR.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Auer, Peter. 2005. 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