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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50911</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-47541</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CMPZZE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Language policies and realities in Dutch classrooms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Языковая политика и реалии в нидерландском образовании</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4767-4809</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smakman</surname><given-names>Dick</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смакман</surname><given-names>Дик</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, is a Lecturer at Leiden University, where he is affiliated with the Leiden University Centre for Linguistics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>преподаватель Лейденского университета, Лейденского университетского центра лингвистики (LUCL), имеет степень PhD</p></bio><email>D.Smakman@hum.leidenuniv.nl</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Leiden University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лейденский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><fpage>396</fpage><lpage>416</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Smakman D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Смакман Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Smakman D.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smakman D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смакман Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Smakman D.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50911">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50911</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study examines the gap between the multilingual realities of today’s classrooms and the continued dominance of monolingual norms in national education systems. The situation in the Netherlands is used as a case study to show a broader point. Although classrooms are becoming more linguistically diverse, immigrant and heritage languages remain marginalised, which contributes to unequal opportunities and exclusion. The purpose of this literature-based study is to show how national language policies shape classroom practices and teacher attitudes, and to assess whether these policies support inclusion or reinforce linguistic marginalisation. The material used consists mainly of international and Dutch peer-reviewed academic publications on multilingualism, language policy, and (multilingual) education, including empirical and comparative research across different national and international contexts. In addition, it includes key theoretical works as well as policy- and practice-oriented publications from governmental and international organizations, together providing a solid academic and policy foundation for research on multilingualism, education, and social justice. Special attention is given to how the ideas behind Dutch language policy influence fairness in education. The main findings show that Dutch education policy strongly prioritises Dutch as the only legitimate language of schooling. Immigrant languages such as Turkish, Arabiс and Polish are largely absent from curricula, assessment, in-class communication and teacher training. Many teachers still view students’ home languages as obstacles to learning. Although translanguaging and other inclusive strategies have been shown to improve participation, understanding, and students’ sense of belonging, their use remains limited and inconsistent because of institutional barriers and dominant language ideologies. Overall, the study demonstrates that linguistic inequality is reproduced by policy choices and their underlying ideologies and prejudices. The study suggests that meaningful inclusion requires coordinated reforms in teacher education, curriculum design, assessment practices, and language ideology. When linguistic diversity is treated as a resource, national policies can help create more equitable classrooms that value all students’ linguistic backgrounds.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В данном исследовании рассматривается разрыв между многоязычной реальностью современной школы и сохраняющимся доминированием моноязычных норм в национальных системах образования. Ситуация в Нидерландах используется в качестве тематического исследования для демонстрации более общих вопросов. Несмотря на то, что студенческая аудитория становится все более многоязычной, языки иммигрантов остаются маргинализированными, что приводит к неравным возможностям. Цель статьи - показать, как национальная языковая политика формирует практику в образовании и отношение к ней преподавателей, а также оценить, способствует ли эта политика инклюзии или усиливает языковую маргинализацию. Исследование основано на анализе литературы по многоязычию, языковой политике и (многоязычному) образованию, включая эмпирические и сравнительные исследования в различных национальных и международных контекстах. Кроме того, материалом послужили ключевые теоретические работы, а также документы правительственных и международных организаций, что в совокупности обеспечивает прочную научную и политическую основу для исследований в области многоязычия, образования и социальной справедливости. Особое внимание уделяется тому, как идеи, лежащие в основе нидерландской языковой политики, влияют на справедливость и равенство в образовании. Основные выводы исследования показывают, что голландская образовательная политика в значительной степени отдает приоритет голландскому языку как единственному легитимному языку обучения. Языки иммигрантов, такие как турецкий, арабский и польский, в значительной степени отсутствуют в учебных программах, оценке знаний, общении в аудитории и подготовке преподавателей. Многие преподаватели по-прежнему рассматривают родные языки учащихся как препятствие для обучения. Хотя, как показывают исследования, транслингвизм и другие инклюзивные стратегии улучшают участие, понимание и чувство принадлежности учащихся, их использование остается ограниченным и непоследовательным из-за институциональных барьеров и доминирующих языковых идеологий. В целом исследование демонстрирует, что языковое неравенство воспроизводится политическими решениями и лежащими в их основе идеологиями и предрассудками. В исследовании отмечается, что для эффективной инклюзии необходимы скоординированные реформы в подготовке учителей и преподавателей, разработке учебных программ, практике оценки знаний и языковой идеологии. Когда языковое разнообразие рассматривается как ресурс, национальная политика может помочь создать более справедливые образовательные учреждения, которые ценят языковое наследие всех учащихся.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multilingual education</kwd><kwd>language policy</kwd><kwd>linguistic inequality</kwd><kwd>monolingual ideology</kwd><kwd>educational equity</kwd><kwd>translanguaging</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>многоязычное образование</kwd><kwd>языковая политика</kwd><kwd>языковое неравенство</kwd><kwd>моноязычная идеология</kwd><kwd>равенство в образовании</kwd><kwd>транслингвизм</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Agirdag, Orhan. 2017. The long-term effects of bilingual education in the Flemish region of Belgium. 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