<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50910</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-49253</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CLWGNE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">From Greenland to Yakutia: Grounding language policy in multilingual practices in the Arctic</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>От Гренландии до Якутии: языковая политика, погруженная в многоязычные практики в Арктике</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8810-7395</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grenoble</surname><given-names>Lenore A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гренобль</surname><given-names>Ленора А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Advanced Doctorate), is the John Matthews Manly Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Chicago, USA. and the Director of the Arctic Linguistic Ecology Lab at the M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>является заслуженным профессором имени Джона Мэтьюза Мэнли на кафедре лингвистики Чикагского университета и директором лаборатории арктической лингвистической экологии в Северо-восточном федеральном университете им. М.К. Аммосова в Якутске</p></bio><email>grenoble@uchicago.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The University of Chicago</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Чикагский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Восточный федеральный университет им. М.К. Аммосова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><fpage>375</fpage><lpage>395</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Grenoble L.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Гренобль Л.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Grenoble L.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grenoble L.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гренобль Л.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Grenoble L.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50910">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50910</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Urbanization is a global trend, and even remote, sparsely populated areas like the Arctic are undergoing massive migrations into cities, radically changing the language ecologies for local languages. The present study aims to understand the interrelations between different components of the language ecology, and to develop a theoretical framework for future analyses. Two Arctic regional cities, Nuuk, the capital of semi-autonomous Greenland, and Yakutsk, the capital of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), are analyzed as case studies in the analysis. This study relies on participant-observation fieldwork, focused interviews on language attitudes and language proficiency, and a survey of existing documentation (official surveys, records, policies, and media reports) on language policies and their implementation in both regions. Interviews were conducted in multiple trips to both regions from 2019-2025. Observational data documenting changes in language behavior and attitudes dates from 2008 in Greenland, and from 2017 in Yakutsk, to the present. Attitudinal and usage data comes from sociolinguistic surveys, in-depth sociolinguistic interviews, informal discussions, and participant-observation in Nuuk and Yakutsk. Applying Appadurai’s (1990, 1996) scape theory to these differing language ecologies reveals the complex and interconnected nature of factors contributing to language usage, and the necessity of a multifaceted approach to implementing policies to foster language vitality.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Урбанизация - это глобальная тенденция, и даже отдаленные, малонаселенные районы, такие как Арктика, переживают массовую миграцию в города, что радикально меняет языковую экологию местных языков. Настоящее исследование направлено на обоснование взаимосвязей между различными компонентами языковой экологии и разработку теоретической основы для будущих анализов. В качестве примеров для анализа рассматриваются два арктических региональных города: Нуук, столица полуавтономной Гренландии, и Якутск, столица Республики Саха (Якутия). В данном исследовании используется смешанный подход, включающий полевую работу методом включенного наблюдения, фокусированные интервью об отношении к языку и уровне владения языком, а также анализ существующей документации (официальные опросы, записи, политические документы и сообщения СМИ) по языковой политике и ее реализации в обоих регионах. Интервью проводились во время многочисленных поездок в оба региона в период с 2019 по 2025 г. Данные наблюдений, документирующие изменения в языковом поведении и отношении к языку, охватывают период с 2008 г. в Гренландии и с 2017 г. по настоящее время в Якутске. Данные об отношении к языку и его использовании получены из социолингвистических опросов, углубленных социолингвистических интервью, неформальных дискуссий и включенного наблюдения в Нууке и Якутске. Применение теории «ландшафтов» Аппадураи (Appadurai 1990, 1996) к этим различным языковым экосистемам выявляет сложный и взаимосвязанный характер факторов, влияющих на использование языка, и необходимость многогранного подхода к реализации политики, направленной на повышение жизнеспособности языка.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multilingualism</kwd><kwd>language shift</kwd><kwd>migration</kwd><kwd>urbanization</kwd><kwd>scape theory</kwd><kwd>globalization</kwd><kwd>language policy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>многоязычие</kwd><kwd>языковой сдвиг</kwd><kwd>миграция</kwd><kwd>урбанизация</kwd><kwd>теория «ландшафтов»</kwd><kwd>глобализация</kwd><kwd>языковая политика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Work in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) was supported by the Russian Science Foundation,  RNF # 25-78-30006, “Languages and Cultures of the Peoples of the North and the Arctic of the Russian Federation: Comprehensive socio-humanitarian research (on the basis of big data)”.</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Akrén, Maria. 2022. Development of autonomy in Greenland — From Home Rule to Self-Government. In Autonomy Arrangements in the World. 2nd edition. Online publication at https://doi.org/10.57749/T2FH-FY42</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Appadurai, Arjun. 1990. Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. Public Culture 2 (2). 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/02632769000700201</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Badina, Svetlana. 2020. The diversity of Russia’s Arctic cities. Russian Analytical Digest 256. 7–9. https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000440622</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Danilov, Igor. 2025. Ethnolinguistic identity of the Sakha-speaking Evenks: Results of a study in the Zhigansk district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 22 (2). 240–250. https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-897X-2025-22-2-240-250</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Dawson Jackie, Raynald Harvey Lemelin, Emma Stewart &amp; Justin Taillon. 2015. Last chance tourism: A race to be last? In Michael Hughes, David Weaver &amp; Christof Pforr (eds.), The practice of sustainable tourism: Resolving the paradox, 133–145. New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Dorais, Louis-Jacques. 2010. The Language of the Inuit: Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic. McGill-Queen’s University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons &amp; Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2025. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-eighth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Faingold, Eduardo D. 2023. Language Rights and the Law in Scandinavia: Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Gabdrakhmanova, Gulnara &amp; Nikolai Vakhtin. 2026. Ethnic and linguistic composition of the population in Russia and language ecology of ‘Northern’ minority languages of Sakha (Yakutia) as reflected in the 2020-21 census. Russian Journal of Linguistics 30 (2).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gabdrakhmanova, Gulnara &amp; Ector Alos-i-Font. 2024. K voprosu o fiksatsii natsional’noi prinadlezhnosti i vladeniya yazykami vo Vserossiiskoi perepisi naseleniya 2020-2021 gg. (On the issue of recording nationality and language proficiency in the  All-Russia census of 2020–2021). Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya 1. 28–39. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0132162524010032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Gad, Ulrik Pram. 2019. Grønlandsk identitet og udvikling — danske trusler og muligheder Sprogdebatten under hjemmeog selvstyre. (Greenlandic identity and development. Danish threats and opportunities. The language debate under Home Rule and Self-Government) In Ole Høiris, Ole Marquardt and Gitte Adler Reimer (eds.), Grønlandernes syn på Danmark. Historiske, kulturelle og sproglige perspektiver (Greenlanders’ view of Denmark. Historical, cultural and linguistic perspectives), 481–511. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gad, Ulrik Pram. 2005. Dansksprogede grønlænderes plads i et Grønland under grønlandisering og modernisering: En diskursanalyse af den grønlandske sprogdebat som identitetspolitisk forhandlin. (The place of Danish-speaking Greenlanders in a Greenland undergoing Greenlandization and modernization: A discourse analysis of the Greenlandic language debate as a negotiation of identity politics). Copenhagen: Afdeling for Eskimologi og arktiske studier, Københavns Universitet. (Eskimologis Skrifter; Nr. 19).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Gavrilyev, Chookur N. &amp; Irina I. Podoynitsyna. 2024. Yazykovaya situatsiya v Respublike Sakha (Yakutiya) (Language situation in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)). Vestnik Adygeiskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. Regionovedenie: filosofiya,  istoriya, sotsiologiya, yurispredentsiya, kul’turologiya 2 (339). 81–93. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.53598/2410-3691-2024-2-339-81-93</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Gavril’ev, Chokuur N. 2024. Perspektivy mediapotrebleniya na yakutskom yazyke i rol’ gosudarstvennykh nacitsnal’nykh SMI v formirovanii kontenta v tsifrovoi srede. (Perspectives on the use of media in the Sakha language and the role of state-owned national media in the formation of content in the digital environment)  Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta. Filosofia. Psixologija. Sociologija 1. 88–103. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2024-1-88-103</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Grenoble, Lenore A. 2020. Urbanization, language vitality, and well-being in Russian Eurasia. In Matthew Romaniello, Jane Hacking &amp; Jeff Hardy (eds.), Russia in Asia: Interactions, imaginations, and realities, 183–202. Oxford: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Grenoble, Lenore A. &amp; Lindsay J. Whaley. 2021. Toward a new conceptualisation of language revitalization. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 42 (10). 911–926. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2020.1827645</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Heleniak, Timothy. 2017. Boom and bust. Population change in Russia’s Arctic cities. In Robert W. Orttung (ed.), Sustaining Russia’s Arctic cities. Resource politics, migration and climate change, 429–438. New York: Berghahn.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Heleniak, Timothy. 2014. Migration in the Arctic. Arctic Yearbook 2014. https://arcticyearbook.com/images/yearbook/2014/Scholarly_Papers/4.Heleniak.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Khondker, Habibul Haque. 2023. Mobility and globalization. In Manfred B. Steger (ed.), Globalization: Past, present, future, 59–73. Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520395770-006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kleemann-Andersen, Camilla. 2020. Plastikblomster og tungeløse grønlændere (Plastic flowers and tongueless Greenlanders) MA thesis, Ilisimatusarfik, the University of Greenland. https://uni.gl/media/5987234/slm-speciale-plastikblomster-og-tungeloese-groenlaendere.pdf Accessed on 23 August 2023.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Kuklina, Vera &amp; Natalia Krasnoshtanova. 2017. The urbanization of indigenous peoples of Northeastern Siberia. In Marlene Laruelle (ed.), New mobilities and social changes in Russia’s Arctic regions, 133–157. New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Nyseth, Torill. 2017. Arctic urbanization. In Lill-Ann Kröber, Scott MacKenzie &amp; Anna Westerståhl Stenport (eds.), Arctic environmental modernities: From the age of polar exploration to the era of the anthropocene, 59–70. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007978-3-319-39116-8_4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Ren, Carina, Lill Rastad Bjørst &amp; Dianne Dredge. 2016. Composing Greenlandic tourism futures: An integrated political ecology and actor-network theory approach. In Mary Mostafanezhad, Roger Norum, Eric J. Shelton &amp; Anna Thompson-Carr (eds.), Political ecology of tourism: Community, power and the environment, 284–301. New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Sharina, Sardana I. 2023. Minoitarnye yazyki v Respublike Sakha (Yakutiya): Osobennosti sovremennoi yazykovoi politiki [Minority languages in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Features of modern language policy] Sotsiolingvistika/Sociolinguistics 22 (2). 32–52.  (In Russ.). https://doi/org/10.37892/2713-2951-2-10-32-52</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>All-Russia Census 2020-2021. Natsional’nyi sostav naseleniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii soglasno perepisi naseleniya 2021 goda. Tom 5 tab 1. [National make-up of the population of the Russian Federation according to the 2021 census. Vol 5, tab 1] rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx Accessed 14 November 2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>CEIC Data. 2021. Active Internet Users: % of Population: FE: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). https://www.ceicdata.com/en/russia/share-of-active-internet-users-by-region/active-internet-users--of-population-fe-republic-of-sakha-yakutia</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Digital 2025. Greenland. 3 March 2025. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2025-greenland Accessed 15 November 2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Greenland in Figures 2025. www.stat.gl/GFE2025/p1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Greenland in Figures 2021. www.stat.gl/GFE2021/p1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Greenland in Figures 2010. https://stat.gl/publ/da/gf/2010/oversigt/GIF_2010.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Office of the Prime Minister of Denmark. 2025. Greenland. https://english.stm.dk/the-prime-ministers-office/the-unity-of-the-realm/greenland/ Accessed 09 October 2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Sakha (Yakutiya) Stat. 2025. 98% yakutyan ispol’zovali internet v 2024 godu. Territorial’nyj organ Federal’noj sluzhby gosudarstvennoi statistike po Respublike Sakha (Yakutiya) https://14.rosstat.gov.ru/news/document/260715</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Statistics Greenland. 2025. Greenland in Figures 2025. https://stat.gl/publ/en/gf/2025/pdf/Greenland%20in%20Figures%202025.pdf	Accessed 01 October 2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>World Data. 2024. Mobile communications and Internet in Greenland. https://www.worlddata.info/america/greenland/telecommunication.php Accessed 09 February 2024.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>World Fact Book 2024. 2024. Greenland. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greenland/#people-and-society Accessed 01 October 2024.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Yakutsk MID. 14 October 2025. Na 16,3% bol’she turistov posetilo Yakutiyu za 8 mesyatsev etogo goda. [Tourists visits increased by 16.3% in the first 8 months of this year] https://yakutsk.mid.ru/ru/press-centre/news/na_16_3_bolshe_turistov_posetilo_yakutiyu _za_8_mesyatsev_etogo_goda/</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
