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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50909</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-47384</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CKPXVR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Language ecology of minority languages of Sakha (Yakutia) in the mirror of the All-Russian Census 2020-2021</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лингвистическая экология миноритарных языков Республики Саха (Якутия) в зеркале Всероссийской переписи населения 2020-2021 годов</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0735-5181</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabdrakhmanova</surname><given-names>Gulnara F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габдрахманова</surname><given-names>Гульнара Фаатовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sociology and Head of the Ethnological Research Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор социологических наук, заведующая отделом этнологических исследований</p></bio><email>medi54375@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4011-2141</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakhtin</surname><given-names>Nikolai B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вахтин</surname><given-names>Николай Борисович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>professor at the Department of Anthropology, the European University at St. Petersburg, a leading researcher at the Institute of Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philology, and a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор факультета антропологии Европейского университета в Санкт-Петербурге, главный научный сотрудник Института лингвистических исследований РАН, доктор филологических наук, член-корр. РАН</p></bio><email>vakhtin@eu.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sh. Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт истории имени Ш. Марджани, Академия наук Республики Татарстан</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">European University at St. Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><fpage>352</fpage><lpage>374</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Gabdrakhmanova G.F., Vakhtin N.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Габдрахманова Г.Ф., Вахтин Н.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Gabdrakhmanova G., Vakhtin N.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gabdrakhmanova G.F., Vakhtin N.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Габдрахманова Г.Ф., Вахтин Н.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Gabdrakhmanova G., Vakhtin N.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50909">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50909</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study applies the framework of the ecology of language, defined by Einar Haugen as the study of interactions between a language and its environment, to evaluate the reliability of population census data for sociolinguistic analysis. Focusing on the 2020-2021 Russian Census, the paper investigates its usefulness in describing language situations among indigenous minorities in the north-east of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The study adopts a qualitative and critical analytical approach. First, general features of the census are assessed, including coverage completeness and the clarity and adequacy of terminology used in ethnic and linguistic categories. Second, the broader sociolinguistic context-particularly language endangerment in north-eastern Russia-is examined. Finally, selected census data are analyzed for ten indigenous languages: Aleut, Aliutor, Chukchi, Dolgan, Even, Evenki, Eskimo, Itel’men, Koryak, and Yukaghir. The analysis reveals inconsistencies in census outcomes, including unexpected increases and decreases in reported speaker populations across several languages. These fluctuations do not consistently align with established trends in language vitality or decline, raising questions about data reliability. The findings suggest that census responses are shaped more by speaker attitudes, identity, and self-perception than by actual language use or proficiency. Consequently, while the census provides valuable insights into sociocultural identification, it is less effective as a precise instrument for measuring linguistic vitality. This underscores the need for complementary methodologies in assessing minority language situations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Данное исследование использует концепцию экологии языка (Haugen 1971, 1972) как изучение взаимодействия языка с его средой для оценки надежности данных переписей населения в социолингвистическом анализе. Сосредотачиваясь на Российской переписи 2020-2021 г., статья исследует ее применимость для описания языковой ситуации среди коренных малочисленных народов на северо-востоке Республики Саха (Якутия). В исследовании используется качественный и критико-аналитический подход. Сначала рассматриваются общие характеристики переписи, включая полноту охвата населения, а также ясность и адекватность терминологии, применяемой в этнических и языковых категориях. Далее анализируется более широкий социолингвистический контекст, в частности проблема исчезновения языков на северо-востоке России. Наконец, проводится анализ отдельных данных переписи по десяти языкам коренных народов: алеутскому, алюторскому, чукотскому, долганскому, эвенскому, эвенкийскому, эскимосскому, ительменскому, корякскому и юкагирскому. Анализ выявляет несоответствия в результатах переписи, включая неожиданные увеличения и сокращения численности носителей ряда языков. Эти колебания не всегда согласуются с установленными тенденциями жизнеспособности или угасания языков, что ставит под сомнение надежность данных переписи. Полученные результаты показывают, что ответы респондентов в большей степени отражают языковые установки, идентичность и самоощущение, чем реальное использование языка или уровень владения им. Таким образом, несмотря на ценность переписи для изучения социокультурной идентификации, она менее эффективна как точный инструмент измерения жизнеспособности языков, что подчеркивает необходимость использования дополнительных методологических подходов при изучении миноритарных языков.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Russian 2020/21 Population Census</kwd><kwd>indigenous languages</kwd><kwd>Yakutia (Sakha) Republic</kwd><kwd>language as identity marker</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Всероссийская перепись населения 2020/21 года</kwd><kwd>языки коренных народов</kwd><kwd>Республика Якутия (Саха)</kwd><kwd>язык как маркер идентичности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The work of Nikolai Vakhtin was supported by RSF, project “Languages and Cultures of the Peoples of the North and the Arctic of the Russian Federation: Comprehensive socio-humanitarian research (on the basis of big data)” (Agreement No 25-78-30006 of 22.05.2025).</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson, Benedict. 2001. 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