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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50907</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-47400</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CICOTC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Possible peaceful existence of national and minority languages</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вoзможность мирного сосуществования национального языка и языков меньшинств</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1568-4703</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hamans</surname><given-names>Camiel</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хаманс</surname><given-names>Камиэль</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>currently the associate secretary general of CIPL</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заместитель генерального секретаря CIPL - Международного постоянного комитета лингвистов</p></bio><email>hamans@telfort.nl</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Comité International Permanent des Linguistes</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Международный постоянный комитет лингвистов</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">LANGUAGE  POLICY  IN  MULTIETHNIC  COUNTRIES</issue-title><fpage>310</fpage><lpage>330</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Hamans C.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Хаманс К.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Hamans C.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Hamans C.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хаманс К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Hamans C.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50907">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50907</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study examines whether it is socially feasible for a country to accommodate minority languages alongside a national language without this leading to tensions, violence or separatist movements. The aim of this article therefore is to discuss and clarify the relationship between national languages and minority languages, so that there is sufficient social space and appreciation for minority languages without detracting from the importance of a national language. This study comprises a review of the literature, beginning with the period in which national standard languages emerged and were codified, and culminating in the conviction that a country should be monolingual and that minority and regional languages should be eradicated. Particular attention is paid to the linguistic ideas of the French Revolution and German Romanticism. The violent consequences of such a policy of linguistic essentialism are illustrated by examples of the language disputes in Spain and Belgium. Next, again based on a review of the literature, the study examines the late 20th century response at (Western) European level to the violent actions of oppressed linguistic minorities. It emerges that a solution is sought in a specifically anti-essentialist approach, characterized by inclusiveness, diversity and tolerance. This approach is proving successful. The results show that a policy less focused on centralization and standardization can provide space for minority languages without detracting from the status of the national language, thereby preventing potential tensions and violent actions. The article therefore concludes with a plea to promote an approach, which emphasizes diversity and therefore tolerant attitudes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В данном исследовании рассматривается вопрос о том, насколько социально возможно для страны сосуществование языков меньшинств с национальным языком без риска возникновения напряженности, насилия или сепаратистских движений. Цель статьи - обсудить взаимосвязь между национальными языками и языками меньшинств, возможность обеспечения достаточного социального пространства для языков меньшинств без умаления при этом важности национального языка. Исследование включает обзор литературы, начиная с периода возникновения и кодификации национальных стандартных языков, кульминацией которого явилось убеждение в том, что страна должна быть моноязычной, а языки меньшинств и региональные языки должны быть искоренены. Особое внимание уделяется идеям Французской революции и немецкого романтизма. Последствия политики лингвистического эссенциализма иллюстрируются примерами жестоких языковых споров в Испании и Бельгии. Далее, также на основе обзора литературы, рассматривается реакция Западной Европы конца XX в. на насильственные действия угнетенных языковых меньшинств. Показано, что решение следует искать в антиэссенциалистском подходе, который характеризуется инклюзивностью, разнообразием и толерантностью. Этот подход оказывается успешным. Результаты показывают, что политика, в меньшей степени ориентированная на централизацию и стандартизацию, может обеспечить пространство для языков меньшинств, не умаляя при этом статуса национального языка, тем самым предотвращая потенциальную напряженность и насильственные действия. Статья завершается призывом к продвижению подхода, который подчеркивает важность языкового разнообразия и, следовательно, толерантное к нему отношение.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>minority languages</kwd><kwd>language endangerment</kwd><kwd>European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</kwd><kwd>linguistic essentialism</kwd><kwd>language policy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>миноритарные языки</kwd><kwd>угроза исчезновения языков</kwd><kwd>Европейская хартия региональных или миноритарных языков</kwd><kwd>лингвистический эссенциализм</kwd><kwd>языковая политика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. 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