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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50071</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-43493</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">AHDLPO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Metaphorical landscapes of happiness: A cognitive semantic analysis in Hindi and Bangla</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метафорические ландшафты счастья: когнитивно-семантический анализ на языках хинди и бенгали</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8917-1853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>Namrata</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пол</surname><given-names>Намрата</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, is a senior research scholar at the Department of Humanistic Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философии (PhD), старший научный сотрудник кафедры гуманитарных исследований</p></bio><email>namratapaul.rs.hss21@itbhu.ac.in</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7095-877X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Satsangi</surname><given-names>Abhijeet</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сатсанги</surname><given-names>Абхиджит</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Department of English</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философии (PhD), доцент кафедры английского языка</p></bio><email>abhijeet.satsangi@gla.ac.in</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6119-9058</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ghosh</surname><given-names>Sanjukta</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гош</surname><given-names>Санджукта</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, is Associate Professor of Linguistics in the Department of Humanistic Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философии (PhD), доцент кафедры гуманитарных исследований</p></bio><email>sanjukta.hss@iitbhu.ac.in</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Indian Institute of Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Индийский технологический институт</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE, CULTURE, COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">LANGUAGE, CULTURE, COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION</issue-title><fpage>171</fpage><lpage>203</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-04"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Paul N., Satsangi A., Ghosh S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Пол Н., Сатсанги А., Гош С.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Paul N., Satsangi A., Ghosh S.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Paul N., Satsangi A., Ghosh S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пол Н., Сатсанги А., Гош С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Paul N., Satsangi A., Ghosh S.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50071">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50071</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>While extensive research exists on cognitive metaphors of happiness in Western, Middle Eastern, and East Asian languages, South Asian languages remain largely underexplored. This gap limits our understanding of how diverse cultural and philosophical traditions shape emotional conceptualization in non-Western contexts. Addressing this research problem, the study explores how Hindi and Bangla speakers conceptualize happiness through metaphorical patterns rooted in their linguistic and cultural frameworks. This study investigates similarities and differences in the conceptualization of happiness in Hindi and Bangla, identifying the socio-cultural, religious, and philosophical factors shaping emotional meaning. The dataset consists of 100 idiomatic and proverbial expressions (50 from each language) collected from digital and print sources and analysed using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff &amp; Johnson 1980) and Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Kövecses 2020). The findings reveal shared embodied metaphors-such as light, elevation, fluidity and growth-alongside language-specific patterns: Hindi foregrounds sweetness, journey, illumination and moral-philosophical schemas, while Bangla emphasizes water-based and vulnerability-oriented metaphors. The study contributes to cross-cultural metaphor analysis and highlights the role of cultural and philosophical traditions in shaping emotion metaphors. The findings provide insights into the interplay of language, culture, and cognition.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на то, что уже существует много исследований когнитивных метафор счастье в западных, ближневосточных и восточноазиатских языках, южноазиатские языки остаются малоизученными. Этот пробел ограничивает наше понимание того, как разнообразные культурные и философские традиции формируют эмоциональную концептуализацию в незападных контекстах. Для решения этой исследовательской проблемы данное исследование изучает, как носители языков хинди и бенгали концептуализируют счастье посредством метафорических моделей, укорененных в их лингвистических и культурных рамках. Цель исследования - выявить сходства и различия в концептуализации счастья на хинди и бенгали и выявить социокультурные, религиозные и философские факторы, формирующие эмоциональное значение. Объектом исследования стали 100 идиоматических выражений и пословиц (по 50 из каждого языка), собранных из цифровых и печатных источников и проанализированных с использованием теории концептуальной метафоры (Lakoff &amp; Johnson 1980) и расширенной теории концептуальной метафоры (Kövecses 2020). Результаты исследования выявляют общие телесные метафоры - такие как свет, возвышение, температура и рост - наряду со специфическими языковыми особенностями. В хинди на первый план выходят сладость, путешествие, просветление и морально-философские схемы, в то время как в бенгальском языке акцент делается на метафорах, связанных с водой и уязвимостью. Исследование вносит вклад в межкультурный анализ метафор и подчеркивает роль культурных и философских традиций в формировании эмоциональных метафор. Полученные результаты расширяют наши представления о взаимодействии языка, культуры и сознания.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>happiness metaphors</kwd><kwd>cultural conceptualization</kwd><kwd>embodied cognition</kwd><kwd>Bangla</kwd><kwd>Hindi</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метафоры счастья</kwd><kwd>культурная концептуализация</kwd><kwd>воплощенное сознание</kwd><kwd>бенгальский язык</kwd><kwd>хинди</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Alba-Juez, Laura &amp; Michael Haugh (eds.). The Sociopragmatics of Emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Alba-Juez, Laura &amp; Tatiana V. Larina. 2018. Language and emotion: Discourse-pragmatic perspectives. 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