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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50069</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-42427</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">AETBUV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Simulated selves: Creativity, authenticity semiotic agency in AI companionship</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Имитированные личности: креативность, подлинность и семиотическая активность в общении с искусственным интеллектом</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9968-1162</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponton</surname><given-names>Douglas</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Понтон</surname><given-names>Дуглас</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Associate Professor of English Linguistics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доцент кафедры английского языка и перевода факуль-тета политических и социальных наук</p></bio><email>dponton@unict.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7421-5088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mantello</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мантелло</surname><given-names>Питер</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>AI researcher and Professor of Digital Culture</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>исследователь искусственного интеллекта и профессор цифровой культуры</p></bio><email>pmantello@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Catania</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Катании</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Bucharest</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бухарестский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE, CULTURE, COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">LANGUAGE, CULTURE, COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION</issue-title><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>144</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-04"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Ponton D., Mantello P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Понтон Д., Мантелло П.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Ponton D., Mantello P.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ponton D., Mantello P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Понтон Д., Мантелло П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Ponton D., Mantello P.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50069">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50069</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Artificial intelligence systems increasingly participate in domains once considered distinctly human, including affective exchange, creativity and interpersonal communication. Yet there is limited linguistic research on how users discursively construct authenticity and creativity in their interactions with AI companions. This study addresses this gap by examining how users ascribe or deny agency, emotion and sincerity to AI partners, and how these constructions differ across cultural contexts. The aim of the study is to identify the linguistic resources through which authenticity emerges as a relational effect rather than an intrinsic property of either human or machine. The material consists of two culturally distinct corpora: a set of qualitative diaries produced in English by Japanese university students during a four-week interaction with AI companions, and user testimonies posted on the Reddit forum r/Replika. The methodological approach combines systemic functional linguistics with critical discourse analysis and insights from 4E cognition. The analysis focuses on transitivity, modality and appraisal, examining how grammatical choices construe agency, realis or irrealis status and evaluative stance. The main findings show that students generally maintain analytical distance, framing AI behaviour through modality and judgement that limit authenticity to fleeting moments. By contrast, Reddit users frequently construe the AI as a relational partner, endowing it with emotional depth and creativity, especially in moments of vulnerability. Across both corpora, personhood is linguistically enacted through users’ depiction of the AI as Senser, Sayer or Actor. These results imply that synthetic personhood is not a future possibility but an ongoing discursive accomplishment, raising wider questions about authenticity, attachment and the cultural shaping of human-AI relationships.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Системы искусственного интеллекта все чаще участвуют в областях, которые ранее считались исключительно человеческими, включая аффективный обмен, творчество и межличностное общение. Однако существует ограниченное количество лингвистических исследований того, как пользователи дискурсивно конструируют подлинность и креативность в своих взаимодействиях с ИИ-компаньонами. Данное исследование восполняет этот пробел, изучая, как пользователи приписывают или отрицают субъектность, эмоции и искренность по отношению к ИИ-партнерам и как эти конструкции различаются в разных культурных контекстах. Цель исследования - выявить языковые ресурсы, посредством которых подлинность возникает как реляционный эффект, а не как внутреннее свойство человека или машины. Материал состоит из двух культурно различных корпусов: набора качественных дневников, составленных на английском языке японскими студентами в течение четырехнедельного взаимодействия с ИИ-компаньонами, и пользовательских отзывов, размещенных на форуме Reddit r/Replika. Методологический подход сочетает системно-функциональную лингвистику с критическим дискурсивным анализом и идеями из 4E-когниции. Анализ фокусируется на транзитивности, модальности и оценке, исследуя, как грамматические решения интерпретируют субъектность, реальный или ирреальный статус и оценочную позицию. Основные результаты показывают, что студенты, как правило, сохраняют аналитическую дистанцию, определяя поведение ИИ через модальность и суждения, которые лишь иногда определяют его аутентичность. Пользователи Reddit, напротив, часто воспринимают ИИ как партнера по коммуникации, наделяя его эмоциональной глубиной и креативностью, особенно в моменты уязвимости. В обоих корпусах личность лингвистически реализуется посредством изображения ИИ как «чувствующего», «говорящего» или «действующего». Результаты означают, что синтетическая личность - это не будущая возможность, а дискурсивное достижение, которое ставит вопросы более широкого плана о подлинности, характере и культурном формировании взаимоотношений человека и ИИ.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>authenticity</kwd><kwd>AI companionship</kwd><kwd>discursive agency</kwd><kwd>Systemic Functional Linguistics</kwd><kwd>4E cognition</kwd><kwd>linguistic creativity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>подлинность</kwd><kwd>общение с ИИ</kwd><kwd>дискурсивная субъектность</kwd><kwd>системно-функциональная лингвистика</kwd><kwd>4E-когниция</kwd><kwd>языковая креативность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Antaki, Charles &amp; Sue Widdicombe (eds.). 1998. Identities in Talk. 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