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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Linguistics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Linguistics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2687-0088</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-8024</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">50067</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22363/2687-0088-47921</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ACFVQA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Legitimacy of varieties of English as a non-native language</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Легитимность вариантов английского языка как неродного</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title/></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0570-2349</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Proshina</surname><given-names>Zoya G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прошина</surname><given-names>Зоя Григорьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Advanced Doctorate), is Professor at the Department of Theory for Foreign Language Teaching at the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Area Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор филологических наук, профессор кафедры теории преподавания иностранных языков факультета иностранных языков и регионоведения</p></bio><email>proshinazoya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">LANGUAGE, CULTURE, COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">LANGUAGE, CULTURE, COGNITION AND COMMUNICATION</issue-title><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>104</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-04"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Proshina Z.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Прошина З.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2026, Proshina Z.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Proshina Z.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Прошина З.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Proshina Z.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50067">https://journals.rudn.ru/linguistics/article/view/50067</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article discusses the status of varieties of a pluricentric language, such as Russian English, Chinese English, among others. Some linguists waive this status because the language system of these varieties is not based on their own norms but is grounded on the norms of other varieties, either British or American. However, speakers of these varieties use them as lingua francas for communication and their Englishes are easily recognized as non-British or non-American, i.e., their varieties serve for linguacultural identification of the users. This is due to the fact that each variety is underpinned by the users’ culture and mindset and reflects traces of the users’ native languages, which allows us to make a conclusion that local varieties are not bound to the “political map” of the region (one of the critical arguments against world Englishes) but they are associated with their ethnic cultures. The article is an analytical review of the debatable issues of the World Englishes paradigm, English as a Lingua Franca theory, and English as an International Language concept. It aims to reveal factors that make it possible to recognize Expanding Circle varieties, to state the major features and functions of Russian English. The author focuses on some practical textbooks aimed at teaching world Englishes and their cultures. The method of corpus analysis of Russian English was used. Quantitative and comparative analysis of research articles in the leading sociolinguistic journals ( World Englishes and English Today ) was conducted to reveal the overwhelming predominance of Chinese English research as compared with that of Russian English. The author concludes that world Englishes of the Expanding Circle are legitimate varieties that have variable exonorms. Certain trends for their endonorms to start forming are revealed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассмотрен вопрос о статусе вариантов плюрицентричного языка - таких как русский английский, китайский английский и др. Некоторые лингвисты отказывают этим идиомам в статусе варианта на том основании, что их языковая система ориентирована не на собственные нормы, а на нормы других вариантов, преимущественно британского и/или американского. Однако большинство говорящих используют эти варианты для коммуникации как лингва франка, и их речь легко опознается как небританская и неамериканская, т. е. их варианты одновременно выступают и как средство культурно-языковой идентификации. Это происходит потому, что в основе каждого варианта лежит культура и менталитет его пользователей, а также в разной степени отражаются следы их родного языка, что позволяет говорить о том, что локальные варианты привязаны не к «политической карте» своего региона (один из факторов критики вариантов), а к культуре своего этноса. Статья представляет собой аналитический обзор дискуссионных проблем парадигм контактной вариантологии, английского языка как лингва франка и английского как международного языка. Цель статьи - установить факторы признания вариантов английского языка расширяющегося круга и определить основные функции и черты русского варианта английского языка. В статье представлен анализ практических учебных пособий, нацеленных на знакомство с вариантами английского языка и соответствующими культурами. Использовались методы корпусного анализа конкретных вариантов, количественно-сопоставительный метод представленности двух вариантов (русского английского и китайского английского) в двух ведущих социолингвистических журналах ( World Englishes и English Today ), в результате чего обнаружено значительное доминирование исследований китайского варианта английского языка по сравнению с русским. В заключение исследования сделан вывод о легитимности вариантов расширяющегося круга, существовании в них вариативных экзонорм, тенденции к началу формирования некоторых эндонорм, отличающих их от эндонорм вариантов внутреннего круга.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"/><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>a variety of a pluricentric language</kwd><kwd>Kachru’s three circles</kwd><kwd>lingua franca</kwd><kwd>English as an International Language</kwd><kwd>Russian English</kwd><kwd>Chinese English</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вариант плюрицентричного языка</kwd><kwd>три круга Качру</kwd><kwd>язык-посредник</kwd><kwd>английский язык как международный</kwd><kwd>русский вариант английского языка</kwd><kwd>китайский вариант английского языка</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta><fn-group/></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Д’Анджело, Дж. Японский вариант английского языка? 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